题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all children’s education, according to new research.
Dr. Helen Lees, from Stirling University’s school of education, says that “enforced（强制的）silence” is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress children’s natural ability. But she says that teaching children about the benefits of “enforced silence”,--- deliberate stillness that gives them the opportunity to focus and reflect in a stress-free environment--- can have a significant effect on pupils’ concentration and behavior.
It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils’ academic ability.
A study almost a decade ago in London found that children’s exam results were cut by as much as a third if they were taught in noisy classrooms. Teaching unions have also called for a limit of 26℃ to be put on classroom temperatures because teachers and pupils struggle to work in hot conditions, and some educationalists claim that too much clutter（杂乱的东西）on classroom walls can prevent children from concentrating.
Dr. Lees said, “When we take some research on school settings and put it all together, what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense. In areas of better learning outcomes, better self- confidence and well-being measures, enforced silence in a person’s life and an individual’s education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit.”
Dozens of schools across Britain have already introduced periods of “reflective silence” into the timetable.
Kevin Hogston, head of Sheringdale Primary, south London, has just introduced a minute’s silence at the start of twice-weekly meetings in which children are taught breathing techniques and encouraged to reflect. The school plans to introduce it into classrooms every day.
小题1:According to Dr. Helen Lees, “enforced silence” ＿＿
| A．is an effective way of punishment |
| B．does not make much sense in class |
| C．can improve pupils’ confidence |
| D．makes pupils more creative |
| A．prevent | B．improve | C．apply | D．reveal |
| A．Students are more active if taught in noisy classrooms. |
| B．Silence makes a great difference to pupils. |
| C．Clutter on the walls can help students concentrate. |
| D．Most schools are not satisfactory in terms of classroom temperatures. |
| A．Arranging classroom settings benefits studies |
| B．Achieving silence is beneficial for people |
| C．Using enforced silence is effective punishment |
| D．Keeping quiet in class improves academic performance |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:D
解析
小题1:细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段Dr.Helen Lees 说的话中In areas of better learning outcomes, better self- confidence and well-being measures, enforced silence in a person’s life and an individual’s education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit.可知强制性的安静对针对提高孩子自信心和建立良好行为的措施是有利的。
小题2:词意猜测题。根据"...enforced（强制的）silence” is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress children’s natural ability."可推测这种强制性的安静被认为是一种惩罚，并且会经常压制着孩子没的天生的能力。因此只能选A。
小题3:推理判断题。根据文章第二段“ deliberate stillness that gives them the opportunity to focus and reflect in a stress-free environment--- can have a significant effect on pupils’ concentration and behavior.”及倒数第三段可知保持安静对学生的影响是很大的。
小题4:主旨大意题。根据文章开头和结尾，可知本篇重点在于保持课堂的安静对于提高学生的学习习惯和行为的好处。
核心考点
试题【 Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
If you haven’t heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is sheer overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is magnified in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard an another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced by Road Rage, the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
小题1:The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.
| A．onemaybeangeredbymediareportsandwantstoavoidthem |
| B．themediacoinedtheterm“RoadRage”onlyafewmonthsago |
| C．RoadRagehasreceivedmuchmediacoverageinthelastfewmonths |
| D．peoplenotinterestedinthemediaknowlittleaboutrecenthappenings |
| A．relieve | B．cause | C．spread | D．prevent |
| A．Talking while driving. |
| B．Driving at high speed. |
| C．Sounding the horn when passing. |
| D．Shouting at another driver. |
| A．tellpeoplehowtodealwithRoadRage |
| B．informpeoplehowaggressivedriverscouldbe |
| C．showpeoplehowtocontrolthemselveswhenangry |
| D．warnpeopleagainsteyecontactwithanotherdriver |
If you have to miss a meal a day, which meal will cause you fewest health problems if you don’t eat it? If you have to make a decision of this type, most people (especially very busy people) will choose to skip breakfast.
However, many experts in the field of health consider breakfast ( the meal which “break” you “fast” ) to be the most important t meal of the day. If we eat a good breakfast, they say, we will have the energy and nutrients (营养) we need to begin our working day with vigor(活力) and stay hopeful with good honor. However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a cup of coffee for a well balanced meal. What happens if we ignore the importance of breakfast?
One recent study conducted in the United States tested a large number of people. Participants included both males and females who ranged in age from 12 to 83. The results showed that if a person eats an adequate breakfast, he or she will work more efficiently and more productively than if he or she skips breakfast or eats a very poor breakfast. This fact appears to be especially true if a person’s work involves mental(脑力的) activities. The study showed that if school-children eat fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, they will learn more quickly and will be able to concentrate (集中)on their lessons for a longer period of time than if their breakfast is inadequate.
The study also showed that contrary to what people believe, if you skip breakfast, you will not lose weight. This is because people become so hungry if they skip breakfast that they eat too much for lunch and end up gaining weight instead of losing. So remember, if you want to lose weight, skipping breakfast will not help you. You will likely lose more weight if you decrease your other meals.
小题1:According to experts, breakfast is the most important meal of the day because _____.
| A．a good breakfast breaks you down fast |
| B．you’ll lose weight quickly if you skip breakfast |
| C．breakfast provides what a person needs to work |
| D．after a long night, you’ll feel very hungry |
| A．to exchange a cup of coffee for a well balanced meal. |
| B．To drink a cup of coffee instead of a well balanced meal. |
| C．To change a cup of coffee into a well balanced meal. |
| D．To regard a cup of coffee as a well balanced meal. |
| A．school-children will be quick and attentive all day if they eat breakfast |
| B．a proper breakfast will make mental workers more efficient |
| C．fruit, eggs, bread and milk are the best breakfast for mental workers |
| D．school-children who have breakfast are much brighter than those who don’t |
| A．Some people skip breakfast because they want to be slimmer. |
| B．Most people who skip breakfast actually eat more for lunch. |
| C．People put on weight because they eat too much breakfast. |
| D．Skipping breakfast won’t help people who want to lose weight. |
| A．How to Lose Weight |
| B．What’s a Healthy Diet |
| C．Surprising Results of a Study |
| D．Breakfast – A Meal That Breaks You Fast |
Eating a diet high in processed food(加工食品)increases the risk of depression，research suggests．What"s more，peopie who ate plenty of vegetables，fruit and fish actually had a lower risk of depression，the University College London team found．
Data on diet among 3，500 middle-aged civil servants(公务员)were compared with their emotional state five years later，a British journal reported．They split the participants into two types of diet--those who ate a diet largely based on whole food，which inc!udes lots of fruit， vegetables and fish，and those who ate a mainly processed food diet，such as sweetened desserts，fried food，processed meat，refined grains and high fat dairy products After accounting for factors such as gender，age，education，physical activity，smoking habits and chronic(慢性的) diseases，they found a significant difference in the future depression risk with the different diets．
Those who ate the most wholefood had a 26％ lower risk of future depression than those who ate the least wholefood．By contrast，people with a diet high in processed food had a 58％ higher risk of depression than those who ate a diet low in processed foods．
Study author Dr. Archana SinghManoux pointed out there was a chance the finding could be explained by fl lifestyle factor they had not accounted for．
There was a paper showing a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of depression，but the problem with that is if you live in Britain，the likelihood(可能性)of you eating a Mediterranean diet is not very high．
Dr．Andrew McCulloeh，chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation，said，this study adds to an existing body of solid research that shows the strong links between what we eat and our mental health．
He added people"s diets were becoming increasingly unhealthy．The UK population is consuming less nutritious，fresh produce and more saturated(含饱和脂肪酸的)fats and sugars．
小题1:The text is mainly about .
| A．the increasingly unhealthy diet of the UK population |
| B．the link between processed food and depression |
| C．the relationship between physical and mental health |
| D．fl healthy diet largely based on wholefood |
| A．They are of different ages from young to old． |
| B．They have been eating fl less heal thy diet these years． |
| C．Most of them prefer wholefood to processed food． |
| D．Those who ate wholefood generally were happier in the long term． |
| A．It is difficult for most British people to have a Mediterranean diet． |
| B．The Mediterranean diet is the most healthy in the world． |
| C．Many studies have been done on the Mediterranean diet before． |
| D．The Mediterranean diet is not good for depression． |
| A．our diets are closely related to our mental health |
| B．the present study needs more facts and other information |
| C．the UK population will become ill in the near future |
| D．more saturated fats and sugars should be taken in |
| A．To tell people what a healthy diet actually is． |
| B．To prove people’s diets are increasingly unhealthy． |
| C．To encourage people to cut down on proceased food． |
| D．To introduce some experts on the research team． |
The inhalation (吸入) of asbestos particles is associated with a number of lung diseases, such as asbestosis and ___50___ cancer.
Asbestosis is caused by the entry of asbestos particles into the wall of the alveoli, causing scarring which limits the functioning of the lungs. The lung ___51___ its elasticity and may change shape. The initial symptoms of asbestosis are a tightness in the chest and breathlessness. In its ___52___ stages, sufferers develop the barrel-shaped chests associated with emphysema, cyanosis, (where the skin takes a bluish ___53___ ) and club fingers.
Lung cancer, the generic ___54___ for malignant tumors（肿瘤）of the alveoli and bronchial tubes, has been shown to be directly ___55___ to the inhalation of asbestos particles. As in the case of asbestosis, there is generally a period of inactiveness which may ___56___ from 25 to 30 years after initial exposure, despite the ___57___of further exposure. Research suggests that there is a direct correlation between the degree of exposure to asbestos ___58___the incidence of lung cancer. Where exposure occurs, the level of risk is further ___59___ by cigarette smoking. Asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes have a 90% greater risk of catching lung cancer than workers who do not ___60___.
Exposure to blue asbestos has been shown to producemesothelioma, a rare cancer of the outer lining of the lung or pleura. In a normal population the incidence of mesothelioma is extremely ___61___. Where epidemiological surveys have revealed a higher incidence of the disease, it is almost always related to ___62___ exposure.
___63___ changes in lung tissue caused by exposure to asbestos are pleural plaques and effusions. The former refer to a thickening of the lining of the chest wall, ___64___ the latter consists of a collection of fluid in the chest region outside the lungs. Pleural plaques commonly remain undiagnosed and generally have no detrimental effect on health.
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Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.
The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn’t new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.
So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that’s even better.This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What’s more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
小题1:According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?
| A．Temperature change. | B．NIR light. | C．Acidity change. | D．UV light. |
| A．It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. |
| B．It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release. |
| C．It has not come onto the market up till now. |
| D．It is not effective enough and could be poisonous. |
| A．protected | B．formed | C．exposed | D．combined |
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