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Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.
The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn’t new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.
So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that’s even better.This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What’s more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
小题1:According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?
A.Temperature change.B.NIR light.C.Acidity change.D.UV light.
小题2:Why is ONB unsatisfactory?
A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.
C.It has not come onto the market up till now.
D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.
小题3:Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?
A.protectedB.formedC.exposedD.combined

答案

小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:C
解析
这一篇科普文章,讲的是“怎样使用胶囊,让吃药更加安全、疗效好”。
小题1:细节推理题。根据首段最后两句“But triggers can come with their own risks-…”“Now, …a harmless trigger…near-infrared light (NIR, 近红外线)”可知答案是B。
小题2:细节理解题。根据第三段尾句“But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.”
小题3:细节归纳题。根据尾段关键词、句:“a long chain of compounds called cresol groups”“Cresol contains reactive(易反应的) components that…”“When…, the reactive groups are exposed and break…”“…continues this breakdown”可知答案是C。
核心考点
试题【Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this p】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三

●What prevents depression:tea,coffee or hot chocolate?
Women who drink for or more cups of coffee a day are a fifth less likely to become depressed.Drinking two or three cups reduces the risk by 15 percent. This is the result of a study of 51,000 women over ten years, published in the Journal of the American Medicine Association.
One theory is that caffeine reduces the  effect of the chemical adenosine(腺苷) in the brain, which can make us feel sleepy by slowing down nerve cell activity. Some anti-depressants also work by blocking the adenosine receptors. Coffee was found to be far more influential on depression levels than hot chocolate or tea due to the high caffeine content.
●How many eggs can we healthily eat: one a day or two a day?
Neither-eat them freely. We’ve long been warned to stick to two or three eggs a week because of their high cholesterol(胆固醇)content. But according to the Food Standards Agency, there is no recommended limit to how many eggs we can healthily eat, unless you have been told to cut down by your doctor.
There is no evidence that eating eggs raises cholesterol levels, and researchers found that eggs contain less cholesterol than in the past because hens are no longer given bone meal, which was banned in the 1990s after the BSE(疯牛病) cresis.
Research by the British Egg Council found that a medium egg gives you around 100 mg of cholesterol, a third of the 300mg recommended daily limit.
小题1:What is considered to fight depression best?
A.Tea.B.Chocolate.C.Adenosine.D.Coffee.
小题2:We can infer from the text that     
A.too much caffeine will probably make people sleepy
B.coffee contains less caffeine than tea or hot chocolate
C.one is depressed if his brain chemical adenosine is active
D.tea and hot chocolate have no effect on men’s depression
小题3:What can we learn about eggs from the text?
A.We should stick to two or three eggs a week in general.
B.Eat as many eggs as you like unless your doctor advises you not to.
C.Eggs contain more cholesterol at present than ever before.
D.One egg daily and you’ll get more cholesterol than recommended.

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It is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes. More often the doctors can’t fix the damage.Sometimes they are afraid to try something to help because it is dangerous to work on the brain. The doctors might make the person worse if he operates on the brain.
Dr.Robert White, a famous professor and doctor, thinks he knows a way to help. He thinks doctors should make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This gives the doctor a longer time to do something for the brain.
Dr.White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs, then he operated on them. He made the monkeys’ blood go through a machine. The machine cooled the blood. Then the machine sent the blood back to the monkeys’ brains. When the brain’s temperature was 10 ℃, Dr.White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they had been before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.
小题1:The biggest difficulty in operating on the damaged brain is that____ .
A.the time is too short for doctors
B.the patients are often too nervous
C.the damage is extremely hard to fix
D.the blood-cooling machine might break down
小题2:The brain operation was made possible mainly by____ .
A.taking the blood out of the brain
B.trying the operation on monkeys first
C.having the blood go through a machine
D.lowering the brain’s temperature
小题3:With Dr. White’s new idea, the operation on the damaged brain____ .
A.can last as long as 30 minutes
B.can keep the brain’s blood warm
C.can keep the patient’s brain healthy
D.can help monkeys do different jobs
小题4:What is the right order of the steps in the operation?
a.send the cooled blood back to the brain   b.stop the blood to the brain
c.have the blood cooled down            d.operate on the brain
A.a,b,c,dB.c,a,b,dC.c,b,d,aD.b,c,d,a


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According to a new study by Israel researchers from University of Haifa, posting blogs to express feelings and emotions is therapeutic for children aged 13-17. Psychology professors Meyran Boniel-Nissim and Azy Barak have found that a teenager writing a publicly-viewed blog on the Internet is more effective for relieving stress rather than keeping a private diary. The study, published in the journal Psychological Services, supports that expressing oneself through writing can be therapeutic.
To conduct the research, Boniel-Nissim and Barak randomly selected Israeli high school students who displayed a certain degree of stress. The teenagers were then divided into six groups. Two groups were asked to post blogs twice a week about their social difficulties, but only one of them was asked to open the blogs for comments. The next set of groups were also asked to blog twice a week to post about whatever was going on in their mind, again with one group allowing comments. The two control groups were asked to keep an old-fashioned private diary.
The researchers then collected the blog posts and diaries to discuss the adolescents’ emotional and social position. From the research, they saw that the greatest improvement in mood was with the bloggers who wrote about their personal troubles and allowed people to interact with their posts. The research also noted that the comments were mostly positive and constructive. Boniel-Nissim and Barak said that the commentators’ interactions helped the bloggers while they were distressed. The conclusive research noted that expressing yourself on the Internet not only let others know what was personally going on with you, but also helped you figure out some things about yourself too.
小题1:The underlined word “therapeutic” in Paragraph 1 can be best explained as “     ”.
A.attractive to teens
B.addictive for children
C.making people feel calm and relaxed
D.able to be easily hurt
小题2:______________were selected for the research.
A.Those who blogged regularly.
B.Those who suffered from stress.
C.Those who had never blogged before.
D.Those who had poor social skills.
小题3:The research shows that teens benefit most when       .
A.they blog and allow comments
B.they discuss their study on the blog
C.they keep a traditional diary
D.they comment on someone else’s blog
小题4:We can infer from the last paragraph that blogging ___________.
A.should not always be opened to comments
B.is most useful in improving one’s mood
C.is not an effective way to express one’s feelings
D.can help students see their problems better

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
In 1955, a man named Raymond Kroc together with two brothers named McDonald opened a popular restaurant in California which sold food that was easy to prepare and serve quickly. Hamburgers, French fries, and cold drinks were the main food there. Kroc opened similar eating places under the same name, “McDonald’s”, and they were an instant success. He later took over the company, and today it is one of the most famous and successful “fast-food” in America and around the world.
Why was his idea successful? Probably the most important reason was that his timing was right. In the 1950s, most married women stayed home to keep house and take care of their children. In the 1960s, many women returned to the workplace. This meant that they had less time or energy to prepare meals, so they spent more on “ TV dinners ” and fast-food restaurants. Single parents also have little time to spend in the kitchen. People living alone also depend on this type of food, since cooking for one is often more trouble than it is worth.
Fast-food is not part of the diet of all Americans. Another trend of the 1960s, sometimes called the back-to-nature movement influenced many people to avoid food that was packaged (包装) or processed(处理). This preference for natural food continued to this day.
From the success of Raymond Kroc’s fast-food business, we can say that social economic trends influence where and what we eat.
小题1:The underlined sentence “Cooking for one is often more trouble than it is worth” means that ______.
A.cooking for some people is worth more money
B.it is not worthwhile to take too much time to cook for one person
C.there are more problems when one person cooks
D.cooking for one person cost more money
小题2:Para 3&4 seem to imply (暗示) that ________.
A.many married women began to work in the 1960s
B.natural foods are still popular today
C.fast food is not part of the diet of all Americans
D.divorce (离婚) causes people to change their eating habits
小题3:Which of the following is NOT the reason for McDonald’s success?
A.people living alone tend to depend on fast food
B.single parents have little time to spend in the kitchen
C.many women returned to the workplace in the 1960s
D.Kroc chose the “Mc Donald” brothers as his partners
小题4:The main purpose of the passage is to tell us________.
A.Raymond Kroc is the most successful fast-food business owner in the world
B.social and economic changes affect eating habits
C.fast-food is easy to prepare and serve quickly
D.Americans eat either fast food or natural food

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
For well over a thousand years, smallpox was a disease that everyone feared. The disease killed much of the native population in South America when the Spanish arrived there in the early sixteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, smallpox was responsible for about one in ten deaths around the world. Those who survived the disease were left with ugly scars on their skin.
It had long been well known among farmers that people who worked with cows seldom caught smallpox; instead, they often caught a similar but much milder disease called cowpox (牛痘) . A British doctor called Jenner was extremely interested in this, and so he studied cowpox. He believed that, by vaccinating (给接种疫苗) people with the disease, he could protect them against the much worse disease smallpox. In 1796, he vaccinated a boy with cowpox and, two months later, with smallpox. The boy did not get smallpox. In the next two years, Jenner vaccinated several children in the same way, and none of them got the disease.
News of the success of Jenner’s work soon spread. Vaccination soon became a common method to protect people against other diseases caused by virus, such as rabies (狂犬病), and vaccines were sent across the world to the United States and India.
It took nearly two centuries to achieve Jenner’s dream of getting free of smallpox from the whole world. In 1967, the world Health Organization (WHO) started a great vaccination program, and the last known case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia in 1977. The story of vaccinations does not end there, however. There are many other diseases that kill more and more people every year. Besides, many new diseases are being discovered. The challenge for medical researchers will, therefore, probably continue for several more centuries
小题1:Smallpox was so serious that _________________ by the end of l8th century
A.its death rate was up to ten percent
B.those who caught it were certain to die
C.one in ten people in the world died of smallpox
D.one in ten deaths in the world was caused by smallpox
小题2:Edward Jenner discovered that vaccination with cowpox could ____________.
A.make smallpox much milder
B.stop people from getting smallpox
C.protect people against any disease
D.prevent people’s scars after smallpox
小题3:Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A.The first experiment with cowpox was made by a British doctor.
B.After 1977 smallpox disappeared around the world according to WHO.
C.Vaccination had existed among ordinary farmers before being discovered.
D.Vaccination can be used to protect people in the world against not only smallpox.
小题4:The author of the passage thinks that _________________.
A.vaccinations bring many new problems
B.vaccinations end the spread of diseases
C.there is a long way to go to fight against diseases
D.there is a long way to go to discover new diseases

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