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NEW YORK - People who keep doing some work in their field after they retire may enjoy better physical and mental health than those who stop work completely or switch to another area of work, according to a U.S. study.
Researchers from the University of Maryland said the findings suggest that prospective retirees should consider moving into so-called "bridge employment" as a transition to full retirement.
"In essence, if someone is in a field where part-time work or self-employment is possible, he or she should consider it as they plan for retirement," researcher Dr. Mo Wang, an assistant professor of psychology, told Reuters Health.
For their study, Wang and his colleagues used data on more than 12,000 workers in a U.S. health study begun in 1992. Participants, who were between the ages of 51 and 61 at the outset, were surveyed every two years over a six-year period.
Overall, Wang"s team found, people who went into some form of bridge employment reported lower rates of major diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and arthritis during the study period than their counterparts who went straight into full retirement.
The findings were not explained by older age or worse initial health among people who opted for full retirement, the investigators report in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
On top of their better physical health, "bridge" workers also tended to report fewer mental health problems, such as depression.
The same mental health benefits were not seen, however, when retirees took part-time work in other fields -- possibly, Wang said, because many of these people may have taken those jobs out of financial need rather than choice.
He noted that the lack of benefit could also stem from the fact that these retirees had to adjust to an unfamiliar job position or had to make lifestyle changes.
Bridge work, particularly in one"s accustomed field, may benefit physical and mental health for a number of reasons, according to Wang.
In general, he explained, such work may help older adults maintain the active lifestyles they had during their careers and decrease any stress they might feel from the transition into retirement.  wwwWang said when it comes to mental health, for instance, bridge work may help by allowing people to keep some of the "role identity" that they have formed over their careers.
Staying active in general, not only through work, can also benefit retirees" physical health, Wang noted. He added, however, that any mental health benefits are likely to depend on the type of activity -- whether it is something that the person truly enjoys, and that helps ease any stress of moving into retirement.
"These findings," Wang said, "suggest that for retirees and prospective retirees, carefully considering whether to engage in bridge employment -- and if so, what types of bridge employment -- is quite important."
小题1: What does the underlined phrase “at the outset” mean?__________
A.at leastB.at leastC.at the beginningD.at last
小题2: People who went into some form of bridge employment have less chances to get the following diseases, EXCEPT___________.
A.arthritisB.heart diseaseC.diabetesD.low blood pressure
小题3:Which of the following statement is WRONG?_________
A.As long as retirees move into “bridge employment”, they must be healthier than those who do not.
B.The participants in the study were between 51 and 61 years old.
C.The bridge workers are also less likely to get depression.
D.Staying active is beneficial to the retirees’ physical health.
小题4:What can we infer from the passage?________
A.The study was begun in 1992 and lasts for two 6-year periods
B.If a bridge worker is older than 61 years old, it does not mean that he will get a better health than others who enjoy full retirement.
C.Only by moving into “bridge employment” can the retirees enjoy better health both physically and psychologically.
D.Any activity can benefit the retirees’ mental health.
小题5:Which is the best title of the passage?
A.A US study
B.Bridge Work
C.Working after retiring can be good for your health
D.Stay active

答案

小题1:C小题2:D小题3:A小题4:B小题5:C
解析
较易
核心考点
试题【NEW YORK - People who keep doing some work in their field after they retire may 】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
For Chinese wanting to work as nurses in the United Sates, the arrival of the test of the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) may be a welcome move.
The CGFNS has a certification programme for people wanting to work as registered nurses in the US. The first CGFNS test in China is to be held in Beijing in July. Registrations is open till April 9. According to US labour law, nurses have to pass the National Council License Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) before they can practise. However, the NCLEX-RN is only useful in the US, making it difficult for people from other countries to get in. But, the US expects a shortage of 50,000 nurses by 2010. So, the CGFNS has not replaced the NCLEX-RN, which is still needed for work as a registered nurse in the US.
So what exactly does CGFNS do?
First of all, it helps international nurses qualify for a work visa for the US. Nurses educated abroad who do not have a US license by the NCLEX-RN, must get the CGFNS certificate. “But not everyone who gets a CGFNS certificate can get a work visa. There are many requirements for a visa, and the CGFNS is just one,” said John Ratigan, immigration officer for the CGFNS.
The certificate helps applicants meet requirements for the NCLEX-RN. Forty-two states require a CGFNS certificate from nurses educated abroad before taking the NCLEX-RN examination.
About 85 percent of those who passed the CGFNS have passed the NCLEX-RN. According to Barbara Michols, chief executive officer of CGFNS, “the CGFNS is cost-efficient for the Chinese. If they can’t pass the CGFNS here in China, their chances of passing the NCLEX-RN for the US are tiny. This saves time and money on visa applications and the long trip. ” In a word, to get a CGFNS certificate, a person must have: a credentials review, the CGFNS qualifying exam of nursing knowledge and an English language proficiency exam.
小题1:   We can infer from the text that to people hoping to work as registered nurses in the US, CGFNS tests can be taken _____.
A.nowhere but in the USB.somewhere outside the US
C.in every country but the USD.both in China and the US
小题2: According to American labour law, people cannot work as nurses until they pass                   _____.
A.NCLEX-RNB.CGFNS
C.CGFNS and NCLEX-RND.CGFNS or NCLEX-RN
小题3:We can learn from the text that _____.
A.if you get a CGFNS certificate, you can pass the NCLEX-RN in the US and get visa
applications
B.if you pass the NCLEX-RN in the US, you can get a CGFNS certificate and get visa
applications
C.if you can"t pass the NCLEX-RN in the US, you will not be able to pass the CGFNS
examination
D.if you get a CGFNS certificate, you will be more likely to pass the NCLEX-RN examination
小题4:The sentence "CGFNS holders have a higher rate of success on the NCLEX-RN examination" can be arranged at the beginning of Paragraph _____.
A.Two B.Four C.Five D.Six
小题5:What is probably the best title of this passage?
A.The CGFNS helps international nurses
B.The first CGFNS test in China
C.The CGFNS and the NCLEX-RN
D.Working as registered nurses in the US

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Most people want to be successful, but never stop to think what it will really take to get there in their chosen field. If it means going back to college for 2 years of night school, could you do it ? If it means reading a book a week for about 6 months in order to really master a new skill ? If you aren’t prepared to do any of those things because they are outside of your comfort zone, then you can forget being succesful. I guarantee you will never reach your goals in life, unless your goals are to be ordinary.
The biggest killer by far is the dreaded “ comfort zone ” where most people live in their entire life. And the funny thing is that people just can’t wrap their heads around the fact that people who have reached some success get tons of time to just relax, but only because they’ve earned it ! If you haven’t built a successful business, or in some way built a career that allow you so much freee time, then you are stuck in the grinding world of nine-to-five jobs everyone else. So how comfortable is that ?
So what can you do about it ? Well, find a way to make something happen in your life--- build a business around your favourite hobby, write a book and publish it, or take a course in stock trading and become an expert at that, working on making enough money to retire. If you don’t take massive action that puts your way of your comfort zone, you will never be successful at much of anything. I promise--- and I don’t make many promises !
Finding real happiness in life can be a mystery for many. That’s why I wrote The Road to Happiness for those who want real success and happiness in life, including spirituality and all the gifts life has to offer.
Don’t wander aimlessly through life. Get focused on your goals, start helping others in need, and live life to the fullest ! Life is too short to be anything but happy. Visit my website and find what you’ve been missing. Sign up for my newsletter and get seven free ebooks, too ! Read hundreds of articles while you’re there in the article section, which is updated daily.
小题1:This text must be taken from __________.
A.a radio programB.a website
C.a newspaperD.a TV program
小题2: If you want to be successful in life, what should you do first ?
A.We should think what it really takes to be successful in our chosen field.
B.We should focus our full attention on the work in our chosen field.
C.We should live out of the “ comfort zone ” all through our life.
D.We should work together with other people to reach our goals in time.
小题3: According to this text, why do some people have so much free time to relax ?
A.Because they have enough money to do so.
B.Because they don’t want to be successful.
C.Because they have already earned it through hard work.
D.Because they only work nine to five every day.
小题4: The writer thinks it necessary for you to __________ if you want to be successful.
A.do a lot of actual wotkB.write a book and publish it
C.take a course in stock tradingD.make enough money to retire

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Unlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. Most people buy medical insurance to help pay for medical care. The government only helps pay for some medical care for the old and the people who are on low incomes. The problems of those who cannot afford insurance have become an important political subject.
In Britain, when people are ill, they usually go to a family doctor first. However, people in America sometimes go straight to an expert. Children are usually taken to a doctor who is an expert in the treatment of children. In Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their family doctor will usually recommend a specialist, which will save more time and money both for the patients and the public fund(基金).
In Britain, doctors do not go to people’s homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctor’s office. In a serious situation, people call for an ambulance. In America, hospitals must treat all seriously ill patients, even if they do not have medical insurance. The gov-ernment will then help pay for some of the cost of the medical care.
小题1:The majority of Americans pay for medical care    .
A.through the national health care serviceB.by buying medical insurance
C.with the help of the government
D.by increasing their income
小题2:The author implies in Paragraph 2 that     .
A.Americans don’t trust family doctors
B.family doctors are helpless to the patients
C.he is more in favor of the British medical care service
D.sick children should go to family doctors first
小题3: In the States, seriously ill patients will     .
A.be treated if they have an insurance
B.go to see the doctor by making an appointment
C.receive treatment even without insurance
D.normally go to see an expert for treatment
小题4:Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.Health Care in the United States and Britain
B.Types of Doctors in the United States
C.Treatment of Sick Children in the United States
D.Medical Insurance in the United States and Britain

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Increasingly ,over the past ten years ,people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits ,because much of the food they eat ,particularly processed foods ,is not good for the health .As a result ,there has been a growing interest in natural foods :foods which do not contain chemical fertilizers ,widely used in farming today .
Natural foods ,for example ,are vegetables ,fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic(有机的)matter . In simple terms ,this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter ,which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers , the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of food grown in commercial farming areas .
Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy grassland for cattle .Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry (家禽):there are battery farms ,for example ,where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish .Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins .
There are other things of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet .Take ,for example ,the question of sugar .This is actually a non-essential food! Although another natural food ,such as honey ,can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary ,we can in fact do without it .It is not that sugar is harmful in itself .But it does seem to be addictive : the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year !Yet all it does is provide us with energy ,in the form of calories .There are no vitamins in it ,no minerals ,and no fibre .
It’s very important that nowadays fibre is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet .In white bread ,for example ,the fibre has been removed .But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables .It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables ,certain diseases are comparatively not often seen .For this reason ,the importance is placed on the eating of wholemeal(没有去麸的面粉)bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.
小题1:People have become more interested in natural foods because            .
A.they want to keep fit
B.they want to taste all kinds of foods
C.natural foods are more delicious than processed foods
D.they want to return to nature
小题2:Chickens raised in poultry farms are all of the following EXCEPT that           .
A.they are fed on food which is little better than garbage
B.they live in very crowed condition
C.the eggs they produce lack vitamins
D.they are allowed to move about and eat freely
小题3:According to the passage,_________.
A.people need sugar to give them energy
B.sugar is bad for the health
C.the use of sugar is habit forming
D.sugar only sweetens food, but provides us with nothing useful

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
In the United States, 30 percent of the people have a “weight problem”。To many people the cause is obvious (明显的): they eat too much. But scientific evidence (证据) does little to support this idea. Going back to America of 1910, we find that people were thinner than today, yet they ate more food. In those days people worked harder physically, walked more, used machines much less, and didn’t watch television.
Several modern studies, moreover, have shown that fatter people don’t eat more on average than thinner people. A 1979 study of 3,545 London office workers showed that fat people eat less than slim (苗条的) people.
Studies also show that slim people are more active than fat people. A study by a research group at Stanford University found the following interesting facts:
The more the man ran, the greater loss of the body fat
The more they ran, the greater increase in food intake.
Thus, those who ran the most ate the most, yet lost the greatest amount of body fat.
小题1: Nowadays many Americans have the problem that ______.
A.they are too slimB.they work too hardC.they are too fatD.they lose too much body fat
小题2:According to the passage, how many people in 900 Americans have a “weight problem”?
A.150.B.300.C.600.D.270.
小题3:Is there any scientific evidence to support the idea that eating too much is the cause of a “weight problem”?
A.Yes, there is plenty of evidence.B.Of course, there is some evidence to support this.
C.There is hardly any scientific evidence to support this.D.We are not sure.
小题4:The Americans in 1910 ________.  
A.ate more food and had more physical activities
B.ate less food but had more physical activities
C.ate less food and had less physical activitiesD.had more problems

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