题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
It"s a great story, but it doesn"t strike me as especially newsworthy. News is supposed to be about something fairly unique, and recent research suggests that, in the right circumstances, lots of people also would have grabbed their Rosie first.
We have strange relationships with our pets. We lavish our pets with adoration and better health care than billions of people receive. We speak to pets with the same high-pitched voices that we use for babies. As an extreme example of our feelings about pets, the Nazis had strict laws that guaranteed the humane treatment of the pets of Jews being shipped to death camps.
A recent paper by George Regents University demonstrates this human involvement with pets to an astonishing extent. Participants in the study were told a situation in which a bus is out of control, bearing down on a dog and a human. Which do you save? With responses from more than 500 people, the answer was that it depended: What kind of human and what kind of dog?
Everyone would save a brother, grandparent or close friend rather than a strange dog. But when people considered their own dog versus people less connected with them—a distant cousin or a hometown stranger—votes in favor of saving the dog came rolling in. And an astonishing 40% of respondents, including 46% of women, voted to save their dog over a foreign tourist.
What does a finding like this mean? First, that your odds aren"t so good if you find yourself in another country with a bus bearing down on you and a cute dog. But it also points to something deeper: our unprecedented(史无前例的) attitude toward animals, which got its start with the birth of humane societies in the 19th century.
We prison people who abuse animals, put ourselves in harm"s way in boats between whales and whalers and show sympathy to Bambi and his mother. We can extend empathy to an animal and feel its pain like no other species. But let"s not be too proud of ourselves. As this study and too much of our history show, we"re pretty selective about how we extend our humaneness to other human beings.
小题1:What is the function of the first paragraph?
| A．To create a relaxing mood for readers. |
| B．To present the theme of this essay straightly. |
| C．To lead in the main topic of this essay. |
| D．To raise problems that will be solved later. |
| A．to show how cruel the Nazis were to the Jews |
| B．as an example to persuade people not to love pets |
| C．to illustrate the strange relationship between human and pets |
| D．as an example to display the humaneness of the Nazis |
| A．The story of the Anleys and their dog was too unique to be newsworthy. |
| B．Most people surveyed choose to save their own dog rather than a human. |
| C．It was in the 19th century that human beings started to love their pets. |
| D．Human beings are more and more concerned with animals nowadays. |
| A．Pets are of great significance to us human beings. |
| B．We should rethink about our attitude towards animals and mankind. |
| C．It is kind of human beings to extend humaneness to animals. |
| D．We should be selective when showing attitude toward other human beings. |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:C
小题3:D
小题4:B
解析
试题分析：文章通过一个关乎救生艇伦理的真实案例，导入文章的话题，比起人来说现在的人类更关心动物，但是作者认为我们应该重新考虑对动物和人的态度。
小题1:细节题：从第一段的句子：Recently, an almost literal case of lifeboat ethics(伦理) occurred.可知第一段是通过一个关乎救生艇伦理(lifeboat ethics)的真实案例，想导入文章的话题，选C
小题2:细节题：从第三段的句子：We have strange relationships with our pets. We lavish our pets with adoration and better health care than billions of people receive.可知作者提到纳粹的法律是想说明人和宠物的奇怪关系，选C
小题3:细节题：从文章第五段的句子：But when people considered their own dog versus people less connected with them—a distant cousin or a hometown stranger—votes in favor of saving the dog came rolling in. And an astonishing 40% of respondents, including 46% of women, voted to save their dog over a foreign tourist.可知现在的人类更关心动物，选D。
小题4:细节题;从最后一段的句子：As this study and too much of our history show, we"re pretty selective about how we extend our humaneness to other human beings.可知作者认为我们应该重新考虑对动物和人的态度。选B。
核心考点
试题【Recently, an almost literal case of lifeboat ethics(伦理) occurred. On Aug. 4, Gra】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
People thank each other everywhere in England, all the time. When people buy something in a shop, customer and shop assistant in most cases thank each other twice or more. In Germany, it would be exceptional to hear more than one thank you in such a conversation. British students thank their lecturers when leaving the room. English employers thank their employees for doing their jobs, as opposite to Germans, who would normally think that paying their workers money is already enough.
Another thing I observed during my stay was that English people rarely criticize others. Even when I was working and mistakes were pointed out to me, my employers emphasized several times but none of their explanations were intended as criticism. It has been my impression that by avoiding criticism, English people are making an effort to make others feel comfortable. This also is showed in other ways. British men still open doors for women, and British men are more likely to treat women to a meal than German men. However, I do need to point out here that this applies to English men a bit more than it would to Scottish men! Yes, the latter are a bit tightfisted.
小题1:What is the author’s attitude towards English politeness?
| A．He thinks it is unnecessary. | B．He thinks little of it. |
| C．He appreciates it very much. | D．He thinks it goes too far. |
| A．German men never treat a woman to dinner. |
| B．The author think it’s unnecessary to say “thank you” to the bus driver. |
| C．In Germany, employers often say “thank you” to employees for their job. |
| D．Germans think it is unnecessary to thank workers because payment is enough. |
| A．like to fight with each other |
| B．treat women in a polite way |
| C．are as generous as English men |
| D．are unwilling to spend money for women |
| A．making comparisons | B．telling stories | C．giving reasons | D．giving examples |
The good news is that being likeable can help a child perform better． Likeable children enjoy many advantages, including the ability to cope（对付） more easily with stresses of growing up．
In her book Understanding Child Stress, Dr． Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable and optimistic are able to gain support from others． This leads to focus and resilience, the ability to recover from or adjust early to life stress; a child who has adequate emotional armor can continue down the path to success． Much research shows that resilience has enabled children to succeed in school, avoid drug abuse, and develop a healthy self-awareness．
Why does a likeable child more easily handle stress and do better in his or her life? Because likeability helps create what’s known as a positive feedback loop（回馈圈）． The positive feelings you want to see in other people are returned to you, creating constant encouragement and motivation to deal with the daily stress of life．
This feedback loop continues into adulthood． To return once again to the example of teaching, learning becomes easier with a likeable personality． Michael Delucchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught well． Delucchi found that “Students who perceive（察觉） a teacher as likeable, in contrast to（比照） those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers and they’ll work harder on assignments, and they will learn more．”
You may have noticed this pattern in your own life when you try to give some advice． The more positive your relationship with that person, the more he or she seems to listen, and the more you feel certain that that person has heard you and intends to act on your words．
小题1:The writer implies in the first paragraph that __________．
| A．children are expected much than we usually think |
| B．life is not easy for every one of us |
| C．better education results in smarter children |
| D．to be a likable child is almost impossible |
| A．can cope more easily with stress independently |
| B．know how to avoid trouble and unpleasant events |
| C．are always optimistic and ready to help those in need |
| D．can achieve more and understand themselves better |
| A．mental support from friends | B．mental support from adults |
| C．failures in life | D．ability to handle life stress |
| A．if a likeable teacher has a positive personality |
| B．if a likeable teacher draws more attention |
| C．how a teacher’s likeability gains popularity |
| D．how a likeable teacher’s teaching style is formed |
| A．likeable people do better in life generally |
| B．likeable people do better in their childhood |
| C．social creatures enjoy more advantages |
| D．likeable people give better advice |
There it is – your selfie.
Over the past year, “selfie” has become a well-known term across the globe. This August the Oxford dictionary added the word to their online dictionary and defined it as: “A photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically with a smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website.”
Today it’s not difficult to find social networking pages full of photos people have taken of themselves and their friends. And selfie culture has become especially related to young people. As many as 91 percent of teenagers have posted photos of themselves online, according to a recent survey by the US Pew Research Center.
So what are the reasons for the rise of selfie culture?
“The cult (狂热) of the selfie celebrates regular people,” Pamela Rutledge, a professor at the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, told Vogue magazine. “There are many more photographs available now of real people than models.”
Posting selfies also allows you to control your image online. “I like having the power to choose how I look, even if I’m making a funny face,” Samantha Barks, 19, a high school student in the US, told Vogue.
In addition to self-expression and documentation (记录), selfies “allow for an close friendship for long-distance friends, because you can see each other’s faces every day”, wrote Casey Miller at The Huffington Post.
But US psychologist Jill Weber is concerned that selfies might lead to social problems. “There’s a danger that your self-esteem (自尊心) may start to be tied to the comments and ‘likes’ you get when you post a selfie, and they aren’t based on who you are – they’re based on what you look like,” Weber told Vogue. “When you get nothing or a negative response, your confidence can plummet.”
小题1:The first paragraph is intended to _________.
| A．explain why selfie is popular | B．describe how to make selfie |
| C．show the importance of selfie | D．introduce the topic of selfie |
| A．Two | B．Three | C．Four | D．Five |
| A．Comments on selfie are based on who you are. |
| B．Selfies have more disadvantages than advantages. |
| C．Others’ response to selfies might affect one’s self-esteem. |
| D．Selfies shouldn’t be encouraged for they lead to social problems. |
| A．go down | B．calm down | C．pick up | D．build up |
The effect of the celebrity role models, who have given cooking a more manly picture, has combined with a more general drive towards sexual equality and men now spend more than twice the amount of time preparing meals than they did in 1961.
According to the research by Prof. Jonatahn Gershuny, who runs the Centre for Time Research at Oxford, men now spend more than half an hour a day cooking, up from just 12 minutes a day in 1961.
Prof. Gershuny said, “The man in the kitchen is part of a much wider social trend. There has been 40 years of sexual equality, but there is another 40 years probably to come.”
Women, who a generation ago spent nearly two hours a day cooking, now spend just one hour and seven minutes—a great fall, but they still spend far more time in the kitchen than men.
Some experts have named these men in aprons as “Gastrosexuals (men using cooking skills to impress friends)”, who have been inspired to pick up a kitchen knife by the success of Ramsay, Oliver as well as other male celebrity chefs such as Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Marco Pierre White and Keith Floyd.
“I was married in 1974. When my father came to visit me a few weeks later, I was wearing an apron when I opened the door. He laughed,” said Prof. Gershuny. “That would never happen now.”
Two-thirds of adults say that they come together to share at least three times a week, even if it is not necessarily around a kitchen or dining room table. Prof. Gershuny pointed out that the family meal was now rarely eaten by all of its members around a table—with many “family meals” in fact taken on the sofa in the sitting room, and shared by family members. “The family meal has changed a lot, and few of us eat—as I did when I was a child—at least two meals a day together as a family. But it has survived in a different format.”
小题1:What is one reason behind the trend that men spend more time cooking than before?
| A．The improvement of cooks’ status. |
| B．The influence of popular female chefs. |
| C．The change of female’s view on cooking. |
| D．The development of sexual equality campaign. |
| A．Men spend more time cooking than women nowadays. |
| B．Women spend much less time on cooking than before. |
| C．It will take 40 years before men spend more time at the stove than women. |
| D．There is a sharp decline in the time men spend on cooking compared with 1961. |
| A．It has become a thing of the past. |
| B．It is very different from what it used to be. |
| C．It shouldn’t be advocated in modern times. |
| D．It is beneficial to the stability of the family. |
| A．The Changes of Family Meals |
| B．Equality between Men and Women |
| C．Cooking into a New Trend for Men |
| D．Cooking—a Thing of the Past for Women |
Now, Truss and I disagree on what it means to have “zero tolerance”. She thinks that people who mix up basic grammar “deserve to be struck by lightning, hacked (砍) up on the spot and buried in an unmarked grave”, while I just think they deserve to be passed over for a job – even if they are otherwise qualified for the position.
Everyone who applies for a position at either of my companies, iFixit or Dozuki, takes a compulsory grammar test. If job hopefuls can’t distinguish between “to” and “too”, their applications go into the bin.
Of course, we write for a living. iFixit.com is the world’s largest online repair manual (指南), and Dozuki helps companies write their own technical documentation, like paperless work instructions and step-by-step user manuals. So, it makes sense that we’ve made a strong strike against grammar errors.
But grammar is relevant for all companies. Yes, language is constantly changing, but that doesn’t make grammar unimportant. Good grammar is credibility, especially on the Internet. And, for better or worse, people judge you if you can’t tell the difference between “their” “there” and “they’re”.
Good grammar makes good business sense – and not just when it comes to hiring writers. Writing isn’t in the official job description of most people in our office. Still, we give our grammar test to everybody, including our salespeople, our operations staff, and our programmers.
Grammar signifies more than just a person’s ability to remember high school English. I’ve found that people who make fewer mistakes on a grammar test also make fewer mistakes when they are doing something completely unrelated to writing – like stocking shelves or labeling parts. It is the same with programmers. Applicants who don’t think writing is important are likely to think lots of other things also aren’t important.
小题1:The author agrees with Lynne Truss in that ________.
| A．grammar mistakes can’t be tolerated |
| B．books on grammar make people stupid |
| C．people need to learn basic grammar |
| D．grammar mistakes are absolutely unavoidable |
| A．They should be left out for a job. |
| B．They have to correct their mistakes. |
| C．They aren’t qualified for their jobs. |
| D．They must be severely punished. |
| A．Only one of them has a compulsory grammar test. |
| B．They are companies where one learns grammar. |
| C．Grammar is quite important for their existence. |
| D．They depend on grammar correction for a living. |
| A．Companies giving grammar tests may have no good business sense. |
| B．Grammar becomes unimportant as language is constantly changing. |
| C．A “zero tolerance” approach to grammar errors might seem a little unfair. |
| D．People who pay attention to writing may pay attention to other things. |
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