题目
题型：湖南省高考真题难度：来源：
and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by
a team of Australian scientists.
The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger
competitors. "In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had
breeding (繁殖) rights within the group," explains Marian Wong. "All other group members are nonbreeding
females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they
maintain this precise size separation."
The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of
the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away
from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.
It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss
fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team
decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened.
To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain
small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a
group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their
subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the
relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical (等级的)
societies remain stable.
The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans. "As
yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in
nature," the researchers comment. "Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to
improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly
prefer females that are fatter than the females" own ideal."
B. has breeding rights
C. eats its competitor
D. leaves the group itself
B. the fish found out
C. the fish fattened up
D. the fish driven away
B. went on diet willingly
C. preferred some extra food
D. challenged the boss fish
B. Dieting and health.
C. Human dieting.
D. Fish dieting.
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten u】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
be "like a magic carpet…You could fold it up and put it into your pocket or handbag". Then he paused:"But
you"ll always be limited by the size of the wheels. And so far no one has invented a folding wheel."
It was a rare-indeed unique-occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right. A 19th-century inventor,
William Henry James Grout, did in fact design a folding wheel. His bike, predictably named the Grout Portable,
had a frame that split into two and a larger wheel that could be separated into four pieces. All the bits fitted
into Grout"s Wonderful Bag, a leather case.
Grout"s aim: to solve the problems of carrying a bike on a train. Now doesn"t that sound familiar? Grout
intended to find a way of making a bike small enough for train travel: his bike was a huge beast. And importantly,
the design of early bicycles gave him an advantage: in Grout"s day, tyres were solid, which made the business
of splitting a wheel into four separate parts relatively simple. You couldn"t do the same with a wheel fitted with
a one-piece inflated (充气的) tyre.
So, in a 21st-century context, is the idea of the folding wheel dead? It is not. A British design engineer,
Duncan Fitzsimons, has developed a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse (椭圆).
Throughout, the tyre remains inflated.
Will the young Fitzsimons"s folding wheel make it into production? I haven"t the foggiest idea. But his
inventiveness shows two things. First, people have been saying for more than a century that bike design has
reached its limit, except for gradual advances. It"s as silly a concept now as it was 100 years ago: there"s plenty
still to go for. Second, it is in the field of folding bikes that we are seeing the most interesting inventions. You
can buy a folding bike for less than ￡1,000 that can be knocked down so small that it can be carried on a
plane-minus wheels, of course-as hand baggage.
Folding wheels would make all manner of things possible. Have we yet got the magic carpet of Andrew
Ritchie"s imagination? No. But it"s progress.
B. had a folding wheel
C. could be put in a pocket
D. looked like a magic carpet
B. could be split into 6 pieces
C. were fitted with solid tyres
D. were hard to carry on a train
B. was made into production soon
C. left little room for improvement
D. changed our views on bag design
B. The making of a folding bike
C. Progress in folding bike design
D. Ways of separating a bike wheel
must 1 sixty hours of service learning, 2 they will not receive a diploma. Service learning is academic
learning that also helps the community. 3 of service learning include cleaning up a polluted river, working
in a soup kitchen, or tutoring a student. 4 a service experience, students must keep a journal (日志) and
then write a 5 about what they have learned.
Supporters claim that there are many 6 of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced
to think 7 their own interests and become 8 of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn real-life
skills that 9 responsibility, problem-solving, and working as part of a team. 10 , students can explore possible
careers 11 service learning.
For example, if a student wonders what teaching is like, he or she can choose to work in an elementary
school classroom a few afternoons each month. 12 there are many benefits, opponents (反对者) 13 problems
with the new requirement. First, they 14 that the main reason students go to school is to learn core subjects
and skills. Because service learning is time-consuming, students spend 15 time studying the core subjects.
Second, they believe that forcing students to work without 16 goes against the law. By requiring service, the
school takes away an individual"s freedom to choose.
In my view, service learning is a great way to 17 to the community, learn new skills, and explore different
careers. 18 , I don" t believe you should force people to help others-the 19 to help must come from the heart.
I think the best 20 is one that gives students choices: a student should be able to choose sixty hours of
independent study or sixty hours of service. Choice encourages both freedom and responsibility, and as young
adults, we must learn to handle both wisely.
| ( )1. A. spend ( )2. A. and ( )3. A. Subjects ( )4. A. With ( )5. A. diary ( )6. A. courses ( )7. A. beyond ( )8. A. careful ( )9. A. possess ( )10. A. Gradually ( )11. A. through ( )12. A. So ( )13. A. deal with ( )14. A. argue ( )15. A. much ( )16. A. cost ( )17. A. contribute ( )18. A. Therefore ( )19. A. courage ( )20. A. decision | B. gain B. or B. ideas B. Before B. report B. benefits B. about B. proud B. apply B. Finally B. across B. Thus B. look into B. doubt B. full B. pay B. appeal B. Otherwise B. desire B. purpose | C. complete C. but C. Procedures C. During C. note C. challenges C. over C. tired C. include C. Luckily C. of C. Since C. point out C. overlook C. less C. care. C. attend C. Besides C. emotion C. solution | D. save D. for D. Examples D. After D. notice D. features D. in D. aware D. develop D. Hopefully D. on D. While D. take down D. admit D. more D. praise D. belong D. However D. spirit D. result |
| 阅读理解。 | |||
| Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields. Components of Soil Soil is made up of a number of layers (层), each having its own distinctive colour and texture. The upper layer is known as the litter. It acts like a blanket, limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients, oxygen, and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil, a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock. Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind, frost, and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow, and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada, for example, was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2,000 years ago. Water Beneath the Soil Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate. As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth. Soil pH Soil can be acidic neutral or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it. The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal,oil and gasoline, humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned, gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increase the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed, soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil, and also become easily attacked by diseases. | |||
| 1. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called _____. | |||
| A. 1itter B. topsoil C. humus D. subsoil | |||
| 2. According to the text, which of the following is NOT true? | |||
| A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface. B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil. C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil. D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth. | |||
| 3. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies _____. | |||
| A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer B. in the subsoil layer above bedrock C. between the subsoil layer and bedrock D. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil | |||
| 4. The underlined word "dissolve" is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are _____. | |||
| A. rushed away into the river B. cleaned and purified by water C. destroyed and carried away by water D. mixed with water and become part of it | |||
| 阅读理解。 | |||
| The surprising experiment I am about to describe proves that air is all around you and that it proves down upon you. Air pressure is a wonderful force. When you swim underwater, you can feel water push down your body. The air all around you does the same. However, your body is so used to it that you do not notice this. The pressure is caused by a layer of air called the atmosphere. This layer surrounds the Earth, extending to about five kilometers above the Earth"s surface. The following experiment is an easy one that you can do at home. But make sure that you are supervised, because you will need to use matches. Now for the experiment! What you need ·A hard-boiled egg without the shell ·A bottle with a neck slightly smaller than the egg ·A piece of paper ·A match Method 1) Check that the paper will sit firmly on the neck of the bottle. 2) Tear the paper into strips and put the strips into the bottle. 3) Light the paper by dropping a burning match into the bottle. 4) Quickly sit the egg on the neck of the bottle. Result Astonishingly, the egg will be sucked into the bottle. Your friends will be amazed when you show them the experiment. But be careful when you handle matches. Why it happened As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen (air) in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! This proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it. | |||
| 1. Why is there the need to take care when you are doing the experiment? | |||
| A. The bottle could break. B. You need to light the paper with a match. C. The egg needs to be shelled. D. The egg has to be perfectly placed on the neck of the bottle. | |||
| 2. In the experiment, the burning inside the bottle can _____. | |||
| A. equalize the air pressure inside and outside B. make a seal in the neck of the bottle C. finish up the oxygen inside the bottle D. produce more oxygen inside the bottle | |||
| 3. How did the egg put into the bottle? | |||
| A. The oxygen inside the bottle sucked the egg in. B. It became salt without the shell. C. The neck of the bottle was wide enough. D. The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. | |||
| 4. The experiment is carried cut to prove _____. | |||
| A. water pushes on your body when you swim underwater. B. the earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. C. the pressure of air around us has a powerful force. D. the air pressure is not equalized around us. | |||
| 阅读理解。 | |||
| A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports. Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier (冰川) of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer (层) of water between the glacier and the volcano. This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable. As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava (岩浆) from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today. Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM. one of Europe"s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane"s engines, causing damage to the plane. The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash-covered grass to the sharp object. | |||
| 1. What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes? | |||
| A. It is below ice B. It lies under the sea C. It is the largest volcano D. It is lava affects the airlines | |||
| 2. What keeps Grimsvotn still? | |||
| A. The slow flow of water B. The low water temperature C. The thick glacier D. The water pressure | |||
| 3. Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption? | |||
| A. People stop traveling in Europe B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside D. Farmers have lost many of their animals | |||
| 4. This text is most probably taken from _____. | |||
| A. a research paper B. a newspaper report C. a class presentation D. a geography textbook. |