and former CEO of Microsoft, wants them all to quit. So does New York City"s mayor Michael
Bloomberg. This week, the Gates Foundation, a charity organization set up by Bill Gates and his
wife, Melinda, teamed up with Bloomberg to donate $500 million over the next five years to
antitobacco programs.
Bloomberg is no stranger to antitobacco plans. He has been fighting tobaccouse in New York
City for years. In 2002, Bloomberg pushed for a ban on smoking in all New York City restaurants.
Bloomberg"s Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use was created in 2005. It aims to discourage
smoking trends around the world by working to change tobacco"s image, protect nonsmokers from
secondhand smoke, and help people quit. Bloomberg gave $ 125 million to start the program. Now,
he is adding another $ 250 million. The Gates Foundation will invest $ 125 million over five years to
fight the tobacco epidemic, including a $ 24 million gift directly to the Bloomberg Initiative.
The money donated by the Gates Foundation will support antismoking efforts in developing
countries where tobacco use is the highest. "Tobaccocaused diseases have become one of the
greatest health challenges facing developing countries," Gates says. In addition to donating to the
Bloomberg Initiative, the Gates Foundation will also help prevent the tobacco epidemic from taking
root in Africa. "The epidemic in Africa is not well advanced," Gates explains. "That means that we
can catch it at an early stage."
Tobaccouse kills more than five million people every year. If the trend doesn"t change, more than
one billion people could die of tobaccorelated illnesses this century. Gates and Bloomberg have high
hopes to change these statistics. "Together we can make a clear, measurable difference, not just for
ourselves and our generation, but for the generations that come after us," says Bloomberg.
B. Bill Gates" contribution to the world
C. a ban on smoking in New York City
D. a plan to stop smoking
B. $ 250 million.
C. $ 375 million.
D. $ 500 million.
B. tobaccouse has become a big threat to developing countries
C. Bloomberg"s Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use was created in 2002
D. tobaccouse kills more than fifty million people every year
B. Skeptical.
C. Opposable.
D. Surprised.
Between school, homework, sports, your afterschool job, and hanging out with friends, it may
feel like there"s no time for healthy eating. And when you do stop to eat, it"s probably tempting to
go the quick and easy route by grabbing a burger and fries, potato chips, or candy.
Even if you take time to eat three meals a day, you may still feel hungry at times. This is
natural-during teens, a person"s body demands more nutrients to grow. What"s the answer? Healthy
snacks. Snacking on nutritious food can keep your energy level high and your mind alert without
taking up a lot of your time. Snacks are a great way to satisfy that hunger and get all the vitamins
and nutrients your body needs.
But you need to pay attention to what you eat. Filling your face with a large order of fries after
class may give you a temporary help, but a snack high in fat and calories will only slow you down
in the long run.
To keep energy levels going-and avoid weight gain-keep clear of foods with lots of simple
carbohydrates (sugars) like candy bars or soda. Look for foods that contain complex carbohydrates
like wholegrain breads and cereals and combine them with proteinrich snacks such as peanut butter
or lowfat yogurt (酸奶) or cheese.
Choosing healthy snacks means shopping smart. Be careful of the health claims on food packages.
Just because something is "all natural" or "pure" doesn"t necessarily mean that it"s nutritious. For
example, "all natural" juice drinks or sodas can be filled with sugar (which is, after all, a natural
ingredient) but all that sugar means they"ll be high in calories and give you little nutrition.
A granola (麦片) bar is a good example of a snack that people think is healthy. Although granola
bars can be a good source of certain vitamins and nutrients, many also contain a great deal of fat,
including a particularly harmful type of fat called trans fat (反式脂肪酸). Check the Nutrition Facts
label on the package to be sure.
B. it provides trans fat
C. it contains some vitamins
D. it is natural
B. they are high in nutrition
C. their packages are good
D. they contain harmless fat
B. gain weight
C. help grow
D. keep healthy
B. fries
C. lowfat yogurt
D. wholegrain bread
Living in a green area can make you live longer, according to the research published today.
The research also shows that the difference in life expectancy (平均寿命) between rich and
poor becomes smaller among those who live in an environment with parks and trees.
Richard Mitchell, from Glasgow University, and his colleagues, found that the gap between
the number of deaths of people on high incomes and the number of deaths of those on low
incomes in green areas was half that compared with figures relating to builtup areas.
Green spaces, classified by the researchers as "open, undeveloped land with natural
vegetation", encouraged people to walk and be more active. Exercise in these settings could
have greater benefits than exercise elsewhere, the researchers said.
The benefits potentially go beyond exercise. Studies have shown that being around green
spaces can reduce blood pressure and stress levels, and possibly help patients recover faster.
A number of researchers have looked at the effects of greenery on our wellbeing. But few
studies had looked at whether living in green areas reduced health inequalities, the Glasgow
team said.
Using information from a landuse database of 2001, the researchers divided the preretirement
population of England into four groups according to income level, and five groups according to
access to green space. They then looked at death rate for 2001-2005.
They found that the inequality in death rate from all causes relating to lack of money was less
in those populations in the greenest areas compared with the figures for people living in more
builtup places. They found an even stronger relationship when it came to deaths from certain
diseases such as heart conditions and stroke (中风). There was no difference, however, in
deaths from lung cancer.
The researchers said that changing the physical environment was an easier way to fight
against poor health than using media campaigns or giving out information on health. "The result
of the study is clear, environments that promote good health might be very important in the fight
to reduce health inequalities."
B. the number of deaths
C. the income
D. the living area
B. They encouraged people to exercise in green areas.
C. They studied the effects of greenery on people"s diseases.
D. They focused on the influence of greenery on health inequalities.
B. People should take more exercise every day.
C. More trees and grasses should be planted in cities.
D. People should fight against health inequality.
B. Green spaces promote good health.
C. Income influences health less than environment.
D. Exercise in green areas benefits people a lot.
insurance to help pay for medical care. The government only helps pay for some medical care for
the old and the people who are on low incomes. The problems of those who cannot afford insurance
have become an important political subject.
In Britain, when people are ill, they usually go to a family doctor first. However, people in
America sometimes go straight to an expert. Children are usually taken to a doctor who is an expert
in the treatment of children. In Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their family doctor
will usually recommend a specialist, which will save more time and money both for the patients and
the public fund (基金).
In Britain, doctors do not go to people"s homes when they are ill. People always make
appointments to see the doctor in the doctor"s office. In a serious situation, people call for an
ambulance. In America, hospitals must treat all seriously ill patients, even if they do not have medical
insurance. The government will then help pay for some of the cost of the medical care.
B. by buying medical insurance
C. with the help of the government
D. by increasing their income
B. family doctors are helpless to the patients
C. he is more in favor of the British medical care service
D. sick children should go to family doctors first
B. go to see the doctor by making an appointment
C. receive treatment even without insurance
D. normally go to see an expert for treatment
B. Types of Doctors in the United States
C. Treatment of Sick Children in the United States
D. Medical Insurance in the United States and Britain
fuels they use. Most live in Africa, India and China. They use wood, crop waste, animal waste or coal.
These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available. But they are also a major cause of health
problems and death.
The Aprovecho Research Center has been designing cooking stoves for the developing world.
People having less money use wood or biomass for cooking; the richer people use oil and gas. It"s
estimated that wood is running out more quickly than oil and gas.
The group has made stoves using mud, bricks, sheet metal, clay, ceramics and old oil drums. Most
of the stoves look like large, deep cooking pots. They have an opening at the bottom for the fire and
a place on the top to put a pot.
In the late 1970s, Aprovecho produced a popular stove called the Lorena. The Lorena was good
at reducing smoke and warming homes. But new tests years later found that it was not efficient. The
Lorena used twice as much wood as an open fire, and it took much longer to heat food. Since then,
they have experimented with countless other designs.
Their goal is to make an inexpensive stove-let"s say five dollars-that makes little smoke, and it"s safe
for health and reduces global warming and deforestation(采伐森林).
Aprovecho has now partnered with a stove manufacturer in China. The company is making
Aprovecho"s first mass produced stoves. They are said to use 40%-50% less wood than an open fire,
and produce 50%-70% less smoke. A company called StoveTec is selling them through its website for
less than ten dollars. Dean Still says that more than one hundred thousand have been sold so far.
B. wood
C. coal
D. crop waste or animal waste
The World Health Organization estimates that over 1,500,000 people a year die from breathing
smoke from solid fuels.
B. Paragraph 2.
C. Paragraph 3.
D. Paragraph 4.
①luxurious②costly③efficient④lowcarbon⑤cleaner
B. ③④⑤
C. ②③⑤
D. ①③④
happened in Africa, according to the World Health Organization. In fact, most of the deaths are
preventable with basic medical care.
The five leading causes are bleeding, infection, high blood pressure, longtime labor and bad
abortions (流产). Mothers" deaths from such causes were largely reduced nearly a century ago in
developed countries.
Experts say that what kill many women are "the three delays", the woman"s delay in deciding to go
to the hospital, the time she loses traveling there and the hospital"s delay in starting treatment. Only
about 15 percent of births have dangerous complications(并发症).
Women lack education and information about birth control. Husbands and inlaws may decide where
a woman gives birth and insist that she stay at home to save money. However, there is no single solution
to a problem with so many factors shortages of doctors, nurses, drugs, equipment, roads and
transportation-though hospital officials are trying many things now.
One stopgap measure to solve the problem for the present has been to train assistant medical officers,
to perform certain operations. Some African countries are now struggling to train more assistants and
midwives(接生婆), and provide places for pregnant women to stay near hospitals.
But there is a long way to go. Only 20 percent of women in the continent give birth at the hospital.
More than 50 percent stay at home to give birth, and the rest go to local clinics that cannot handle
emergencies.
B. High blood pressure.
C. Traveling long distances.
D. Bleeding.
B. temporary
C. effective
D. instant
treated or prevented.
B. Developed countries should help African countries reduce mothers" deaths.
C. The husbands in poor countries should take responsibility for their wives" deaths.
D. The governments of African countries have to take more effective measures to save pregnant women.
and childbirth?
B. Negative.
C. Objective.
D. Subjective.
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