题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
Scientists have given us a lot of health warnings. The advice from cancer experts for avoiding bowel(肠) cancer is "try to avoid processed(加工过的) meats such as bacon, ham, corned beef and some sausages", and women fearing breast cancer are told "there doesn"t seem to be a starting point at which alcohol consumption is safe",
But all these health warnings tend to have little influence on behavior, So who is being unreasonable —the scientists who give us health advice, or the public that just ignores it?
The curious fact is that both might be right. The reasoning behind these health warnings seems to be this: if you do more of something pleasurable (which we shall give the name “yum”) there is a higher risk of something bad (which we shall give the name “yuk”)occurring, so you should avoid yum.
But when presented with this argument you might ask two questions.
First, maybe the pleasure of yum makes the risk worth taking, especially if yuk might occur a long time in the future? Second, maybe there are other benefits of yum that could cancel out the risks of the particular yuk that has been identified (确认) ?
So suppose bacon sandwiches are your particular yum: research shows that 50g per day — that is a great greasy sandwich — increases your risk of bowel cancer by 20%.
But this means that out of every 100 people who stuffed down that big bacon sandwich every day of their lives, the number of bowel cancers would
rise from five to six. In addition, if a middle
-aged woman gave up alcohol, it might reduce her risk of breast cancer, but could increase risk of some other cancers as well as heart disease. So we need to look at the whole picture before trying to get people to change what they do, since everything has benefit and harms — just think of the joggers(慢跑者) who get knocked down by cars — and people need to be able to find their own balance.
Therefore, as you reach for your yum, perhaps sometimes pause a moment and realize that you are taking a gamble(赌博) on the yuk occurring, but that it may be a risk worth taking.
小题1:What is the advice given by scientists for avoiding breast cancer?
| A．Try to avoid processed meat. | B．Try to avoid alcohol. |
| C．Try to choose the yum. | D．Try to risk the yuk. |
| A．If you choose the yum, you will risk the yuk. |
| B．If you risk the yuk, you’ll choose the yum. |
| C．The yum is worth taking, especially if yuk might occur in the future. |
| D．Other benefits of yum could cancel out the risks of the yuk. |
| A．Because giving up alcohol might reduce breast cancer. |
| B．Because people are not able to find their own balance. |
| C．Because all the things have both sides. |
| D．Because the advice given by scientists is not true. |
| A．People are often influenced by the health warnings. |
| B．Both the scientists and the public are not reasonable. |
| C．Alcohol consumption has both benefit and harms. |
| D．People should avoid yum to reduce the risk of yuk. |
答案
小题1:B
小题1:A
小题1:C
小题1:C
解析
核心考点
试题【Choose the yum(美味的东西) and risk the yuk（讨厌的东西）? Scientists have given us a lot of】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
The new type of pineapple looked more yellowy-gold than green. It was slightly softer on the outside and had a lot of juice inside. But the most important thing about this new type of pineapple was that it was twice as sweet as the hit-and-miss pineapples we had known. In no time, the Del Monte Gold took the market by storm, rapidly becoming the world’s best-selling pineapple variety, and delivering natural levels of sweetness in the mouth, up until then only found in tinned pineapple.
In nutrition it was all good news too. This nice tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
Seeing the growing market for its winning pineapple, Del Monte tried to keep market to itself. But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples. Del Monte turned to law for help, but failed. Those companies argued successfully that Del Monte’s attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out of the market.
小题1:We learn from the text that the new type of pineapple is __________.
| A．green outside and sweet inside | B． good-looking outside and soft inside |
| C．yellowy-gold outside and hard inside | D．a little soft outside and sweet inside |
| A．It was rich in nutrition and tasted nice. | B．It was less sweet and good for health. |
| C．It was developed by Del Monte. | D．It was used as medicine. |
| A．that people enjoy eating | B．that is always present |
| C．that is difficult to get | D．that people use as a gift |
| A．slowed other companies to develop pineapples |
| B．succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself |
| C．tried hard to control the pineapple market |
| D．planned to help the other companies |
The researchers analyzed the detailed accounts of more than 3,000 recent crying experiences and found that the benefits of crying depend entirely on the what, where and when of a particular crying episode （一段经历）． The majority of persons reported improvements in their mood following a short period of crying． However, one third reported no improvement in mood and a tenth felt worse after crying． Criers who received social support during their crying episode were the most likely to report improvements in mood．
Research to date has not always produced a clear picture of the benefits of crying, in part b
ecause the results often seem to depend on how crying is studied． The researchers note s
everal challenges in accurately studying crying behavior in a laboratory setting． Volunteers who cry in a laboratory setting often do not describe their experiences as making them feel better． Rather, crying in a laboratory setting often results in the study participants feeling worse; this may be due to the stressful conditions of the study itself, such as being videotaped or watched by researchers． This may produce negative emotions, which neutralize （使无效） the positive benefits usually connected with crying．However, these laboratory studies have provided interesting findings about the physical effects of crying． Criers do show calming effects such as slower breathing, but they also experience a lot of unpleasant stress, including increased heart rate and sweating． What is interesting is that bodily calming usually lasts longer than the unpleasant． The calming effects may occur later and overcome the stress reaction, which would account for why people tend to remember mostly the pleasant side of crying．
Research has shown that the effects of crying also depend on who is shedding the tears． For example, individuals with anxiety or mood disorders are least likely to experience the positive effects of crying． In addition, the researchers report that people who lack insight into their emotional lives actually feel worse after crying．
小题1: We can infer from the passage that __________________．
| A．people don"t like being seen crying |
| B．crying in public makes people feel better |
| C．a bad cry is as common as a good cry |
| D．a good cry can sometimes help us face problems rightly |
| A．your breath becomes slow | B．you sweat a lot． |
| C．your face turns pale | D．you are being watched |
worse after crying?| A．People who receive help in course of crying． |
| B．People who fail to understand their emotions． |
| C．People who are anxious and nervous． |
| D．People whose mood is not in order． |
| A．the types of crying | B．the way of crying |
| C．the psychology of crying | D．the causes of crying |
earch carried out by the University of Bad in Italy could help prove hospitals who are accused of wasting money on art and decoration as it suggests a pleasant environment helps patients ease discomfort and pain.A team headed by Professor Marina de Tommaso at the Neurophysiopathology
Pain Unit asked a group of men and women to pick the 20 paintings they considered
most ugly and most beautiful from a selection of 300 works by artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli. They were then asked to look at either the beautiful paintings, or the ugly pa
inting, or a blank panel while the team zapped(照射) a short laser pulse at their hand, creating a sensation as if they had been stuck by a pin. The subjects rated the pa
in as being a third less intense while they wereviewing the beautiful paintings, compared with when looking at the ugly paintings
or the blank panel. Electrodes measuring the brain"s electrical activity also confirmed a reduced resoonse to the pain when the subject looked at beautiful paintings.
While distractions, such as music, are known to reduce pain in hospital patients,Prof de Tommaso says this is the first result to show that beauty plays a part.
The findings, reported in New Scientist, also
go a long way to show thatbeaufiful surroundings could aid the healing process.
"Hospitals have been designed to be functional, but we think that their artistic aspects should be taken into account too," said the neurologist."Beauty boyiously offers a distraction that ugly paintings do not. But at least there is no suggestion that ugly surroundings make the pain worse. I think these results show that more research is needed into the field how a beautiful environment can alleviate suffering."
Pictures they liked included Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh and Botticellis Birth of Venus. Pictures they found ugly included works by pablo Picasso
, the Italian 20th century artist Anonio Bueno and Columbian Fernando Botero." These people were not art experts so some of the pictures they found ugly would be considered masterpieces by the art world," said Prof de Tommaso.小题1:The underlined word "alleviate" in the fifth paragraph probably means"______".
| A．cure | B．ease | C．improve | D．kill |
| A．4. | B．5. | C．6. | D．7. |
ommaso"s?| A．Beautiful surroundings could help to heal sufferings completely. |
| B．Hospitals must take their artistic aspects into consideration first. |
| C．Ugly surroundings will surely make the pain worse. |
| D．Both music and beauty can reduce pain in hospital patients. |
| A．some artists" paintings were beautiful, so they were masterpieces |
| B．only art experts could judge they were masterpieces or not, though ugly |
| C．the artists mentioned above were not really art masters. |
D．som e of them were art masters, while others were not. |
| A．Beautiful surroundings can ease pain. |
| B．Ugly paintings could be masterpieces. |
| C．More research should be done in he field. |
| D．Latest environmental research. |
Here are some tips for preventing（阻止） weight gain and maintaining（维持） physical fitness:
Don’t skip meals. Before you leave home, have a small, low-fat meal or snack. This may help to avoid getting too excited before delicious foods.
Control the amount of food. Use a small plate (about 10 inches) and put aside the large ones that may encourage you to "load up". You should be most comfortable eating an amount of food about the size of your fist.
Begin with soup and fruit or vegetables. Fill up beforehand on water-based soup and raw fruit or vegetables. Or drink a large glass of water before you eat to help you to feel full.
Stick to physical activity. Don’t let exercise take a break during the holidays. A 20-minute walk help to burn off excess calories.
Avoid(避免) high-fat foods. Dishes that look oily or creamy may have large amount of fat. Choose lean meat (瘦肉).Fill your plate with salad and green vegetables. Use lemon juice instead of creamy food.
小题1:Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
| A．You should never eat delicious foods. |
| B．Drinking some water or soup before eating helps you to eat less. |
| C．Holidays are happy days but they may bring you weight problems. |
| D．Physical exercise can reduce the chance of putting on weight. |
| A．Eating lean meat. | B．Creamy food. |
| C．Eating raw fruit or vegetables. | D．Physical exercise. |
| A．can’ t help being tempted to eat constantly | B．take part in too many parties |
| C．enjoy delicious foods sometimes | D．can’t help turning away from foods. |
| A．Holidays and Festivals section | B．Health and Fitness section |
| C．Fashion section | D．Student Times Club section. |
| A．How to avoid holiday feasting and celebrating . |
| B．Do’ s and don’ ts for keeping slim and fit. |
| C．How to avoid weight gain over holidays. |
| D．Wonderful holidays, boring weight. |
1. Maintain a regular bed and wake time schedule
Go to bed at the same time every night. Choose a time when you normally feel tired, so that you don’t toss or turn. Try not to break this routine on weekends when it may be tempting to stay up late. If you want lo changeyour bedtime, help your body adjust by making the changein small daily increments, such as 15 minutes earlier or later each day. As with your bedtime, try to maintain yourregular wake-time even on weekends.
2.Fight after-dinner drowsiness（睡意）
If you find yourself getting sleepy before your bed-time, get off the couch and do something mildly stimulating to avoid falling asleep, such as washing the dishes, calling a friend, or getting clothes ready for the next day. If you give in to the drowsiness, you may wake up later in the night and have trouble getting back to sleep.
3. Keep your room dark and cool
When it’s time to sleep, make sure that your environment is dark. Even dim light —especially those from TV or computer screens —can confuse the body clock. Heavy curtains or shades can help block light from windows, or you can try an eye mask to cover your eyes. The temperature of you
r bedroom also affects sleep. A bedroom that is too hot or too cold can interfere with quality sleep.4. Turn off your television
Many people use the television to fall asleep or relaxat the end of the day. You may even have a television inyour bedroom. However, television actually stimulates themind, rather than relaxing it. Part of this is due to content. Late night news and prime time shows frequently have disturbing, violent mat
erial. Even non-violent programming can have commercials that are jarring and loud.5. Exercise early
Exercise helps promote restful sleep if it is done several hours before you go to bed. Exercise can help you fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly— as long asit ’s done at the right time. Try to finish exercising at least three hours before bed or work out earlier in the day.
6. Consult your doctor
Use a sleep diary and talk to your doctor. Note what type of sleep problem is affecting your sleep or if you aresleepy when you wish to be awake and alert. Try these tips and record your sleep and sleep-related activities in a sleep diary. If problems continue, discuss the sleep diary with your doctor. There may be an underlying cause and you will want to be properly diagnosed. Your doctor will help treat the problem or may refer you to a sleep specialist.
小题1:To prevent yourself from sleeping too much on weekends, you should________.
| A．go lo bed 15 minutes earlier than usual |
| B．go to bed at usual time |
| C．go to bed at any time |
| D．make an adjustment to your bedtime |
| A．Watching violent programmesbefore going to bed. |
| B．Changing your bedtime only a little every day. |
C．U sing heavy curtains or an eye mask to block light. |
| D．Completing your workout just before bedtime. |
| A．making a telephone call |
| B．doing some washing |
| C．getting clothes ready for the next day |
| D．having a rest on the sofa |
| A．move into a new house |
| B．discuss it with your family |
| C．change your present job |
| D．turn to the doctor for help |
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