Freezing weather can mean frostbite(冻疮)and hypothermia (低体温)unless a person is prepared.
Today we talk about how to stay warm, dry and safe.
Frostbite is damage that happens when skin is exposed to extreme cold for too long. It mainly
happens on the hands, feet, nose and ears.
People with minor cases of frostbite that affect only the skin may not suffer and permanent damage.
But if deeper tissue is affected, a person is likely to feel pain every time the area gets cold.
Hypothermia happens when the body cannot produce as much heat as it releases. The condition
comes on slowly. Signs of hypothermia include uncontrollable shaking, very slow breathing and difficulty
thinking clearly. If not treated, hypothermia can be deadly.
To avoid coldrelated injuries, here is a simple way to remember four basic steps to stay warm, Think
of COLD-C.O.L.D.
The C stands for cover.Wear a hat and a scarf to keep heat from escaping through the head, neck
and ears.And wear mittens(连指手套)instead of gloves.In gloves, the fingers are separated, so the
hands may not stay as warm.
The O stands for overexertion. Avoid activities that will make you sweaty. Wet clothes and cold
weather are a bad mix.
The L stands for layers. Wearing loose, lightweight clothes, one layer on top of another, is better
than wearing a single heavy layer of clothing. Also, make sure outerwear is made of material that is
water resistant and tightly knit.
The D stands for dry.In other words, stay as dry as possible. Pay attention to the places where
snow can enter, like the tops of boots, the necks of coats and the wrist areas of mittens.
Hypothermia can be mild, moderate or severe. Mild hypothermia is something that most people
have experienced if they live in cold climates. You feel so cold that your body starts to shake-not very
much, but uncontrollably.
The treatment for mild hypothermia starts with getting out of the cold and, if necessary, changing into
dry clothes.Drinking warm, nonalcoholic liquids and eating something sugary can stop the shivering.
Taking a warm bath or sitting by a fire or doing some exercise can also help the body warm up.
These are all common sense treatments.
But the treatment needs change when people enter the moderate or severe stages of hypothermia.
In that situation, their body temperature drops below thirtyfive degrees Celsius. They lose the ability to
think clearly. Their muscles become stiff.They might bump into things or fall over objects.
It is important to work fast to get people out of the cold.Hypothermia victims need medical help as
soon as possible. But it is equally important to move them slowly and gently.
| How to stay warm, dry and safe | | Two 1 happening in the winter | | | frostbite | It happens as a result of skin being__2__to extreme cold for too long.
Minor cases of frostbite won"t__3__much damage.
A person may__4__a lot if deeper tissue is affected. | | hypothermia | It__5__from the body not producing enough heat.
The condition comes on slowly with three signs.
__6__treatment, it can be deadly. | | Basic_7_ to stay warm | | | C | Wear something to keep heat from escaping. | | O | Avoid activities that will make you sweaty. | | L | Wear loose, lightweight clothes made of special material. | | D | Stay as dry as possible. | | __8__ for hypothermia | Drinking warm__9__liquids and eating something sugary.
Taking a warm bath or sitting by a fire or doing some exercise.
Changing the treatment according to the__10__stages.
Getting victims out of the cold, giving them medical help as soon
as possible and moving them slowly and gently. | | 阅读理解 | There are 3 basic types of rock climbing.Top roping is probably one of the most common types
and the climber basically climbs with a partner.Top roping is a style in which a rope,used for the
climber"s safety,runs from a belayer(保护员)at the foot of a route through one or more carabiners(铁
锁)connected to an anchor system at the top of the route and back down to the climber,usually attaching
to the climber by means of a harness.Assuming that the route is bottomtotop,the toprope climber generally will not fall more than a short distance and can thus safely attempt even the most difficult routes.
The second type,which is very similar to top roping is called lead climbing.The buddy(同伴)system
works the same way,one man on the ground belaying and the other climbing,but this time instead of the
rope being at the top of the rock it has to be hooked into clasps(钩子)as the climber climbs up the rock.
In both of these types of rock climbing the climbers has the luxury to sit off the rock face and rest on the
rope.However,lead climbing requires the climber to hang from the rock face with one hand,grab the
rope ,and pull it up to lip it into the clasps,and this can be very hard depending on many different things.
The third type of rock climbing is called bouldering.Bouldering is a type of free climbing without any
ropes or harnesses.The climber tends to stay much closer to the ground.This is the most demanding of
all climbing.The climber must be able to complete the route without taking a rest on the rope.Often,
during a bouldering route the climber is required to do a maneuver called dyno(动态动作). Dynos are
basically launching yourself off the rock face,and then grabbing at a hold further away from you.This type
of maneuver is where mental training plays a major role in climbing.
Believe it or not,climbing is said to be about 75% legs and only 25% arms.To climb successfully one
must use wonderful technique.One of the major rules of rock climbing is to always have 3 points touching
the rock face.Whether it is both feet and one hand,or one foot and both hands,it is much easier to have
your weight distributed on 3 points than it is 2.Another important concept to grasp is that your arms in
most cases will not do the climbing；they only hold you into the rock face so that your legs are actually
pushing you upward.The closer you are to the rock face,the easier it is to climb.
Rock Climbing
| 1 basic types | Top roping | One of the most common types
A climber__2__by a partner
A rope and a belayer needed to keep the climber__3__,with one or more
carabiners connected to an anchor system at the top of the route | | Lead climbing | Having__4__with top roping
The rope being__5__into clasps as the climber climbs up the rock
The climber having much__6__finishing the climb
| | Bouldering | Free climbing without the__7__of any ropes or harnesses
The climber completing the route,with a maneuver
__8__ | | What the climbers should 9 | Using wonderful technique
Always having 3 points touching the rock face
Using your legs to push yourself upward,__10__arms used to keep your body
closer to the rock face | You admire a person from a distance. Popular and known, you find it frightening just to be near that
person.Suddenly, this person is in front of you, smiling.How will you start a conversation?
Starting a conversation is a fear experienced by many people.Once in a situation where a person
must start a conversation, he feels like hiding or vanishing into the air. Even though how prepared a
person is, words don"t seem coherent(前后一致的)enough. The chance is likely to be lost forever, so
never hesitate to start one.
When you start a conversation with strangers, think that they may be feeling worried too. Being the
first to start, you are the one breaking the ice. All they need to do is respond so start the conversation
on a positive note. Observe your surroundings-the people around you, food, weather, the place
itself-and find a common topic. Be friendly. Give praise sincerely.Do not be afraid to ask questions.
Start with closeended questions so it will be easier to ask for an answer. If a positive reaction is
received then take it as a hint that the person is willing to converse with you.
If at first you get a negative response, do not be blunt(真言的)about it. Act as if you did not notice
it. Some people need time to get accustomed to your presence. They become conditioned to themselves
that you are talking with them and not to the other people around. If the answer is too negative, then let
go of the topic but do not respond rudely. Show that you respect their decision.Give them time to think.
After receiving a positive answer, a few more closeended questions will be fine.Be sensitive.
Observe how the response is being delivered. Show genuine interest in the answers. Listen attentively
and respond accordingly. If you feel that the response is positive, you can start asking openended
questions. Do not start topics about religion or politics. These two subjects are very controversial and
arguments may arise because of conflicting ideas and perceptions.
Talk about some personal information like your favorites but do not monopolize(垄断)the time.
Talking only about you might bore the other person. You should show that you are also interested in
getting to know him better by asking relevant questions. A light and wholesome joke can lighten the
mood but it must be delivered correctly as it may offend the other party.
When in a group, involve in the whole group. Do not isolate a single person but when a person is
speaking, look at him and give soliciting response like a nod or a smile.
Talk with confidence but do not overdo it. You might end up looking boastful(自夸的). Do not
whisper with the people beside you when someone is talking. If you are knowledgeable with the
subject at hand, then speak up. If you have questions, voice them out. These are the chances you
should not pass to start a conversation.
__1__to start a conversation?
| The__2__ of starting a conversation | Many people couldn"t express their words even
though they have__4__them because of tension. | | __3__for starting a conversation | | | Dos | Start with a common topic in a __5__way first, with a positive note.
__6__to pay no attention to a negative response and show respect
to the person"s decision.
Take an interest in the positive answers, listen attentively and ask
some questions according to the__7__.
Show interest in the others"personal information, if necessary, and
you can__8__an appropriate joke.
Look at the speaker, responding with some gestures while he is
speaking. | | Don"ts | Don"t be afraid to ask questions.
Don"t start with religious or__9__topics.
Don"t monopolize the time when talking.
Don"t talk with too much__10__.
Don"t whisper with the people beside you when someone is talking. | | 完形填空 | When we visit another country, differences in music and dance are __1__ some of the first things that
we notice.Every culture has __2__ its own types of music and dance, which are very different from those
of other societies.
Each type of music usually has a distinctive rhythm and a special sound, __3__ on the kinds of
instruments that are used to produce it.The most common type of instruments are __4__ instruments, such
as guitars and violins; wind instruments, including horns and flutes.Many different kinds of musical sounds
__5__ be created by using different combinations of instruments.
The human voice is a very special kind of instrument, __6__ it can produce a great number of different
sounds with different __7__, ranging from loud to soft.Singing is very popular in most cultures because it
allows us to __8__ words and ideas with music.
Societies coordinate body movements with musical rhythms to create __9__.Sometimes people dance
for fun and individual expression.Dances can also be used to __10__ ideas to an audience.Hawaiian
dancers, __11__, use arm and hand movements to express the meaning of a song.In the same way, many
societies use dances in religious ceremonies __12__ to tell about important events.
Music and dance are passed from one __13__to another and thus become a permanent part of the
society and __14__ culture.Of course, as cultures come __15__ contact with each other, the music and
dance of one society may be accepted by other societies, or the different styles may be combined to
__16__ a new kind of music or dance.Some Latin American music, for example, has taken __17__ from
Indian cultures and mixed them with those from European and African cultures.__18__, popular music
from England and the US can be heard in countries __19__ the world, __20__ it has had an influence on
musical tastes, especially among young people. | ( )1. A.unlikely
( )2. A.installed
( )3. A.focusing
( )4. A.thread
( )5. A.might
( )6. A.when
( )7. A.heights
( )8. A.explain
( )9. A.sounds
( )10. A.give
( )11. A.such as
( )12. A.just
( )13. A.country
( )14. A.their
( )15. A.to
( )16. A.join
( )17. A.advantages
( )18. A.However
( )19. A.on
( )20. A.when
| B. likely
B. meant
B. depending
B. string
B. can
B. after
B. sizes
B. express
B. songs
B. communicate
B. for example
B. as
B. generation
B. its
B. for
B. show
B. features
B. On the contrary
B. through
B. where | C. probably
C. developed
C. playing
C. cord
C. must
C. since
C. tones
C. provide
C. moves
C. translate
C. that is
C. only
C. people
C. this
C. into
C. form
C. styles
C. Similarly
C. across
C. which | D. surely
D. established
D. resting
D. band
D. should
D. although
D. volumes
D. compose
D. dances
D. perform
D. on the contrary
D. or
D. time
D. the
D. with
D. become
D. origins
D. Besides
D. along
D. what
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