题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
Science is a dominant(占优势的) theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive(普遍的;深入的)in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
小题1:According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means
A cultural groups that are formed by scientists. B people whose knowledge of science is very limited.
C the scientific community. D people who make good contribution to science.
小题2:We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because
A. it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.
B Science affects almost every aspect of our life.
C Scientists live in a specific subculture. D It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.
小题3:The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who
A are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
B are good at producing various gadgets.
C work in a storehouse of dried facts. D want to have a superficial understanding of science.
小题4:According to this passage,
A English is a sexist language. B only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.
C women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.
D male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.
小题5:This passage most probably is
A. book review. B the preface of a book. C the postscript of a book. D the concluding part of a book.
答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:D
小题5:B
解析
这是一篇书的序言,作者用夹叙夹议的写作方法介绍了书的涉及面及其功能。
首先提出科学是我们文化的重大主题,但人们也该了解科学家生活的亚文化群,只有懂得一些激励和挫伤科学家的种种情况,才能理解科学的一般特征及其特殊概念。
第二方面指出书的读者对象是对科学一知半解的学生及门外汉。书可作理工科课程的辅助(补充)读物,又可独立自成体系。它可开阔人们科学的视野,真正了解科学、科学家及其工作,理解科学和文化的关系,科学观点和哲学的关系。
第三方面指出亚文化群中妇女增多,贡献巨大,而我们的语言却隐含这性别的歧视,难以充分平等地反映妇女。
最后指出书信息量大又具娱乐性,寓教于乐。
小题1:科学社区。答案在第一段第二句,人们也该了解科学家生活在其中的亚文化群以及他们是什么样的人。第三段又讲到,有关科学社区的画面以及妇女对科学亚文化的贡献。可见科学社区即亚文化。
A. 科学家所组成种种文化群体。 B. 科学知识有限的一些人。 C. 对科学作出很大贡献的人。
小题2:因为科学几乎影响到我们生活的各个方面。文章开综明旨点出:科学是我们文化中的重要主题,由于它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一方面,有知识的人至少需要熟悉一些结构和作用。
A. 了解激发和挫伤科学家的事情可不太容易。(比较难) C. 科学家生活在特定的亚文化群中。D. 了解科学的一般特性比较容易。
小题3:不太了解科学的大学生或门外汉。第二段首句就点出了这本书为对科学一知半解的大学生和门外汉所写,为某些人,一直把科学看作干巴巴的事实堆砌的发霉的石屋的人;为那种把科学的主要目的视为生产小配件的人;为那些把科学视为某种魔术的人而写。这说明主要为A项人所写,对科学了解不多的大学生和普通人。
B. 善于生产各种小配件。 C. 在干巴巴的事实堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相对科学有肤浅了解的人。
小题4:不应当用阳性的名词和代词去指科学家。第三段集中讲了这本书提供精确而又现代的有关科学社区(社会)和居住在其中的人的画卷。近年来,越来越多的妇女包括进来,原因是许多妇女进入传统上为男人统治的领域,并做出巨大贡献,所以妇女在科学亚文化群中的增多并不是罕见的偶然事件,而是社会各部门明显趋势的组成部分。在讨论其变化和贡献时,我们面临着隐含性别歧视的语言――用阳性名词和代词来指未指定人物,为了消除这种偏颇,我们在可能和必要时采用了复数名词和代词来取代他或她。
A. 英语是一种性别语言。 B. 只有在科学领域中,妇女的作用增长很快。 C. 妇女在晓民我们语言中的不适当性作出了巨大的贡献。根据此题注释说明这三项都不对。英语不能说成是有性别的语言,其中虽有些词性表示男性或女性。文内明确指科学界妇女增多是整个社会的趋势的组成部分。由于妇女在科学界的贡献,所以不能再用阳性名词或代词去指科学界,并不是在消灭语言……
小题5:书的前言,见文章大意。A. 书的评论。 C. 书跋、书的附录。 D. 书的结论部分。
核心考点
举一反三
Naturally, an economic downturn occurs in an Olympic host city once the major event finishes. Renmin University Professor Jin Yuanpu noted that a global event like this would put Beijing into a position of large importance in the international stage. But after this event, who would use the heavily-funded equipment and public and private investments left in the city? Various economists argued that a meltdown (彻底垮台) is highly unlikely. Jonathan Anderson, UBS Asia economist, suggested that the negative effects of the end of Beijing Olympics 2008 on the entire country aren’t important compared to previous host cities. China is such a huge economy that the conclusion of the Olympics games is the same as an ant-bite on a dragon.
But what about post-Olympics Beijing? Retired Headmaster of Peking University, Li Yining, noted that a long-term civil demand growth and a popular desire by companies to adopt careful financial management decisions can lead to continued investment growth. Even though demand in some departments of the economy would drop in the short-run, creativity, practicality and innovation(创新) would be the key factors that would continually enhance the city"s image and flourish long after the Olympics in the city has ended.
So what"s next for Beijing after the Olympics? Well, it"s business as usual...
小题1:Which one of the followings is the author’s idea?
A.Beijing’s economy will have a downturn after the 2008 Olympic Games. |
B.The 2008 Olympic Games have no effects on Beijing’s economy. |
C.Beijing’s economy will go on as usual. |
D.Beijing’s economy will go worse after the 2008 Olympic Games. |
A.to have a downturn |
B.to develop as usual |
C.to develop more rapidly |
D.all of the above |
A.The negative effects are small. |
B.The Chinese government has many measures to take. |
C.The Chinese economy has developed at a certain level so that the negative effects can’t affect it too much. |
D.Jonathan Anderson liked China very much so he didn’t want China to go worse. |
A.Beijing After the Olympics |
B.The negative effects of the end of Beijing Olympics |
C.Can Beijing get through the difficult period after the 2008 Olympic Games |
D.Beijing’s economy after the 2008 Olympic Games |
The government plans to recruit 3,000 university graduates this year, 1,000 more than last year, to work as assistants to village heads or Party secretaries in suburban areas.
People interested in jobs in Beijing"s rural villages and townships can submit applications to the Beijing Municipal Personnel Bureau or online at www. bjbys, com from February 1 through March 15.
"We hope university graduates will seize this opportunity to use their knowledge in rural villages and to start their careers," Sun Zhenyu, deputy director of Beijing Personnel Bureau, told Xinhua News Agency.
The government has promised successful candidates a monthly salary of 2,000 yuan( $ 250) in the first year, 2,500 yuan ($ 320) the second year and 3,000 yuan ($ 385) the third year, provided their performance is up to the required standards, Sun said.
Wang Lina, who graduated from Beijing Union University last year, was one of the first graduates to find work in the city"s countryside. After majoring in industrial and commercial administration, Wang served as the assistant to the village head of Ertiaojie Village in suburban Beijing’s Pinggu District. For one project, Wang contacted people at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural Sciences and arranged for the local farmers to receive training in strawberry planting. Her efforts paid off. The village had a plentiful harvest of organic strawberries earlier this year.
Nationwide, about 150,000 university graduates found employment in rural areas last year, according to figures provided by the Ministry of Education.
The ministry predicts that 4. 95 million students will graduate from universities across the country this year, 820,000 more than last year. About 1.4 million of them are unlikely to find jobs when they graduate.
In Beijing, a record 200,000 people are expected to graduate from university this year. Less than half of them are expected to be offered jobs, according to the personnel bureau.
小题1:The underlined word "recruit "in the first paragraph probably means_____________.
A.employ | B.force | C.encourage | D.train |
A.once you are hired as a junior official, you can get an endlessly rising salary |
B.the government guarantee a relatively high salary for the successful candidates |
C.working as junior officials is easy but very meaningful |
D.the competition for the job as junior officials is very fierce |
A.the sooner you go to the countryside, the sooner you will be successful. |
B.local farmers can get big harvests if they learn more knowledge. |
C.university graduates can also realize their value in rural areas. |
D.Wang had great difficulty in helping villagers planting organic strawberries. |
A.more and more graduates will work as junior officials |
B.the universities should not have so many students |
C.there are more and more graduates in recent years |
D.it is not easy for graduates to find jobs nowadays |
A.Go to the countryside. |
B.Job hunting for university graduates. |
C.What is the best career? |
D.A good choice for university graduates. |
The crux(关键)of Mr. Brown"s proposals are related to giving the NHS (National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.
He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases such as heart disease, strokes(中风), and cancer, for example, breast cancer. In Britain there are 200,000 deaths a year from heart attacks and strokes, many of which might have been avoided if the condition had been known about.
Initially, the diagnostic (诊断的) tests will be available for those who are vulnerable, or most likely to have the disease. One example is a plan to offer all men over 65 an ultrasound test to check for problems with the main artery (动脉), a condition which kills 3,000 men a year.
The opposition have criticized Mr. Brown"s proposals, saying that they are just a trick, and claiming that there is no proper timetable for the changes. They also say that Mr. Brown is reducing the money available for the treatment of certain conditions while putting more money towards testing for them.
The NHS was founded in 1948, and is paid for by taxation. The idea is that the rich pay more towards the health service than the poor. However in recent years there has been a great increase in the use of private healthcare, because it’s much quicker. NHS waiting lists for operations can be very long, so many people who can afford it choose to pay for medical care themselves.
小题1:The underlined word vulnerable in the fourth paragraph probably means ________.
A.sick | B.weak | C.wounded | D.old |
A.all people should pay for their healthcare at the NHS. |
B.some people are against the reform of the healthcare. |
C.the writer is likely to come from Britain. |
D.more money will be spent on testing people than before. |
A.People are paying more attention to their own health. |
B.People are well off enough to pay their healthcare. |
C.The NHS was not available for most of the people. |
D.It’s not so convenient for people to go to the NHS for their healthcare. |
A.encourage more private healthcare. |
B.focus on the prevention rather than on curing the patient. |
C.deal with the main artery problems. |
D.fight against the opposition in the UK. |
A.the NHS should be reformed right away. |
B.more and more people are dying from diseases. |
C.the plan to reform the NHS in the UK. |
D.the criticism of Mr. Brown"s proposals. |
The 11 oil ministers decided to meet again on July 3 to discuss the effects of the Iraq temporary stop. The organization’s president, Charkid Kheria of Algeria, said after the meeting that stocks were high and prices were stable, so quota increases were not necessary.
The E.U. Commission has expressed concern about Iraq’s output stop. A speaker said OPEC had to take all possible measures to keep or lower the oil price.
Saudi Arabia’s Oil Minister Ali Al-Nuaimi had earlier said there would not be any shortfall of oil in the market. The organization had already taken steps to fill the gap, he said. OPEC Secretary General Ali Rodriguez added that the period of Iraq’s output stop was not known, so other exporters were not going to lift quotas yet. If the market was destabilized (使……动摇), a suitable response could be made.
Iraq on Monday stopped shipments of crude oil to protest against the U.N. Security Council’s decision to extend the oil-for-food programme by only a month, instead of the normal six-month renewal. Just before the Vienna meeting, oil prices had gone up, with a barrel of OPEC crude oil selling for 27.05 dollars, up from 26.81 dollars last Friday. North Sea oil was at 29.26 dollars Monday evening.
OPEC wants the oil price to stay within a margin of 22 to 28 dollars and achieved that with cuts in January and March that reduced 2.5 million barrels per day off quotas(配额).
小题1:Iraq made the decision to stop oil deliveries because ___________.
A.oil price is too low in international market. |
B.The U.N. Secretary Council has decided to shorten the time of extension of the oil-for-food programme |
C.Many oil wells were destroyed during the war in the late 1980s |
D.It couldn’t get enough money to develop its economy |
A.active | B.concerned | C.cold | D.surprised |
A.they can persuade Iraq to continue oil production |
B.they can have a talk with the U.N. Security Council |
C.they can have a discussion about the effects of Iraq’s temporary output stop |
D.they can make up their minds to increase oil production |
A.the oil prices in the world were stable though Iraq has stopped oil deliveries |
B.OPEC has controlled the oil price to stay within a margin of 22 to 28 dollars |
C.OPEC will not increase oil production to make up the shortfall that caused by Iraq |
D.Oil is connected with people’s daily life |
Although the average price of residential houses in the United States, after converted to Renminbi, is about 8,000 yuan per square meter, the houses in US are not sold in terms of building area, as most Chinese property developers do when they sell their houses. If US property developers sell their houses according to the building area, then the housing price will be even lower than 8,000 yuan per square meter. In most big Chinese cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, houses are sold at a price even higher than those in the US.
The high housing sales price in large cities in China proves that Chinese real estate market does have some bubbles. Moreover, Chinese houses can not be compared with houses in US in terms of building quality, environment and supporting facilities. Furthermore, it should be noted that American people’s average income is several dozen times higher than that of Chinese people. How can the Chinese afford to buy a house which is even more expensive than that sold in US?
At the beginning of 2007, Chinese government issued a set of policies that aimed to benefit the public. Now in order to reduce the high housing prices, the government can regulate(控制) the real estate market by raising tax on property industry and controlling the release of loans and lands to property developers. At the same time, the government should allow people to build more houses through various fund-raising channels, such as funds collected from buyers or raised by working units. By applying these multiple means, it is expected that the high housing prices can be lowered.
小题1:What is the average housing price per square meter in China?
A.8,000 yuan | B.10,000 yuan | C.7,000 yuan | D.It’s not mentioned here |
A.Chinese houses can not be compared with houses in US in terms of building quality, environment and supporting facilities. |
B.American people’s average income is several dozen times higher than that of Chinese people. |
C.The houses in US are not sold in terms of building area, as most Chinese property developers do when they sell their houses. |
D.There are more people who need houses in China. |
A.The housing price in China is so high that the government should do something useful to prevent it. |
B.There are some bubbles in Chinese real estate market |
C.The average housing price in China is even higher than in the United States |
D.Chinese government issued a set of policies that aimed to benefit the public. |
A.Four | B.Three | C.Five | D.Two |
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