题目
题型：北京月考题难度：来源：
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because
certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely
believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological
(生理的) "drive" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort
of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with
no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to
carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a
baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with
clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children"s response in situation where no milk was provided.
He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the
movement"switched on a display of lights-and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to
bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek"s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation
that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when
the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it
was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a
fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success
D. will satisfy their curiosity
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink
B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents
D. be praised
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problem
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other c】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. 1 . We want our food to be a certain coldness
in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don"t feel well, we use a thermometer
to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in
the summer.
Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the
Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale. Both systems use the freezing and
boiling points of water as their guide. 2 .
The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury (水银) inside a clear glass tube. As
mercury (or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts (收缩). That is
why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube. 3 .
First. Take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with coloured water. Tap a hole in
the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw
(吸管) through the nail hole. 4 .
Finally. Place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the
water lever easily. 5 .
As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the lever in the straw will come down.
Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water lever in the straw each morning for a week.
lives.
B. Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are
heated or cooled.
C. Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work.
D. The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise
even higher.
E. They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212
degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100degrees.
F. Take wax (you may use an old candle if you have one) and melt some of it right where the straw is
struck into the cap to seal (把..粘住) them together.
G. People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world.
easy to blame the students in these situations, but the bigger problem is us. We-as parents-are so eager to
shelter our kids that we fail to realize that this in itself is harming them. As the mother of two young sons, I
have to remind myself constantly that the biggest responsibility I have as a parent is to help them develop the
skills needed to live in, to live without me. So, I"ll let them fail.
I"ll let them fail because as long as they are safe and warm inside their comfort zones, they will never grow. And failure梐long with loss, heartbreak, disappointment, etc.-will be part of growth for them. Call me the
anti-tiger mom, but leaving them alone is,my way of helping them become equipped to fit in this world as we
know it today. From terrorism and seemingly endless natural disasters, to our national debt and beyond, if we
expect the next generation to stand up to the very real problems of our time, we need to stop feeding them and
start teaching them how to fish.
My children now are becoming little masters of compromise, but they try to negotiate (协商) everything
now. It"s a small price to help them learn a skill they"ll use for the rest of their lives, including when I don"t
accompany them on job interviews.
B. Because they think they can help them on the questions.
C. Because their kids are too shy to attend interviews.
D. Because their kids strongly request them to do so.
B. Keeping them safe.
C. Leaving them alone.
C. Blaming them.
B. To help them grow in this tough world.
C. To help them develop all social skills.
D. To make them learn to compromise.
B. Let Your Kids Fail
C. Be Eager to Grow Up
D. Live Without Parents
day, they hardly move at all. Instead, bats pass the time hanging upside down from a secret spot.
There are a couple of reasons why bats rest this way. First of all, it puts them in a position for takeoff.
Unlike birds, bats can"t fly into the air from the ground. Their wings don"t produce enough lift to take off
from a dead stop, and their hind legs are so small and underdeveloped that they can"t run to build up the
necessary takeoff speed. Instead, they use their front claws to climb to a high spot, and then fall into flight.
During the hours when most enemies are active, bats gather where few animals would think to look and
most can"t reach. This allows them to disappear from the world until night comes again. There"s also little
competition for these resting spots, as other flying animals don"t have the ability to hang upside down.
Bats have a unique physiological adaptation that lets them hang around this way without using any energy.
For you to hold your fist around an object tight, you contract (紧缩) several muscles in your arm, which are
connected to your fingers by tendons (腱); as one muscle contracts, it pulls a tendon, which pulls one of your
fingers closed. A bat"s talons (爪) close in the same way, except that their tendons are connected only to the
upper body, not to a muscle. To hang upside down, a bat pulls its claws open with other muscles. To get the
talons to take hold of the surface, the bat simply lets its body relax. The weight of the upper body pulls down
on the tendons connected to the talons, causing them to hold tight. Therefore, the bat doesn"t have to do
anything to hang upside down.
B. they can"t start to fly from the ground directly
C. they have no hind legs to support their body
D. they can"t find quiet places to stay during the day
B. is a way to fight against flying animals
C. is a great way to hide from danger
D. is a skill to compete for the flying places
B. Because they have strong muscles.
C. Because their talons are linked to muscles tightly.
D. Because their tendons are linked to their upper body.
B. How and why bats hang upside down.
C. The importance of bats" hanging upside down.
D. How bats use their energy at night.
from Carnegie Mellon University shows anger may help people reduce the negative impacts of stress and
help you become healthier.
"Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger," said Jennifer Lerner of
Carnegie Mellon."The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses."
Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud
every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other
questions. If they made any mistakes, they had to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt
depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry.
Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The
researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.
Other researchers recorded the students" blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone
(荷尔蒙)called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during the experiment had higher blood
pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes (糖尿病), heart
disease, depression and extra weight gain.
When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down,
according to the study.
"Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is a maddening
(令人发狂的)situation,"
Lerner said. Lerner previously studied Americans" emotional response to the 9/ terrorist attacks two
months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people
are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger
is not a bad thing to have. It"s a healthier response than fear.
B. What you can do with anger in certain cases.
C. Different effects produced by anger and fear.
D. Healthier responses in maddening situations.
B. Different reactions reflect different outlooks on life.
C. Don"t control your anger and it makes you powerful.
D. Pessimistic people are generally healthier than optimistic people.
B. Blood pressure and pulse.
C. Blood pressure and cortiso.
D. Higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone.
B. By reducing their stress.
C. By reducing high blood pressure.
D. By taking the place of fear.
B. asking them to count to 6, 200 again and again
C. disturbing them and making them start all over again
D. criticizing them when they made mistakes
put things in perspective. But why is crying beneficial? And is there such a thing as a "bad cry"?
The researchers analyzed the detailed accounts of more than 3,000 recent crying experiences and found
that the benefits of crying depend entirely on the what, where and when of a particular crying episode (一段
经历). The majority of persons reported improvements in their mood following a short period of crying.
However, one third reported no improvement in mood and a tenth felt worse after crying. Criers who received
social support during their crying episode were the most likely to report improvements in mood.
Research to date has not always produced a clear picture of the benefits of crying, in part because the
results often seem to depend on how crying is studied. The researchers note several challenges in accurately
studying crying behavior in a laboratory setting. Volunteers who cry in a laboratory setting often do not
describe their experiences as making them feel better. Rather, crying in a laboratory setting often results in
the study participants feeling worse; this may be due to the stressful conditions of the study itself, such as
being videotaped or watched by researchers. This may produce negative emotions, which neutralize (使无效)
the positive benefits usually connected with crying.
However, these laboratory studies have provided interesting findings about the physical effects of crying.
Criers do show calming effects such as slower breathing, but they also experience a lot of unpleasant stress,
including increased heart rate and sweating. What is interesting is that bodily calming usually lasts longer than
the unpleasant. The calming effects may occur later and overcome the stress reaction, which would account
for why people tend to remember mostly the pleasant side of crying.
Research has shown that the effects of crying also depend on who is shedding the tears. For example,
individuals with anxiety or mood disorders are least likely to experience the positive effects of crying. In
addition, the researchers report that people who lack insight into their emotional lives actually feel worse
after crying.
B. crying in public makes people feel better
C. a bad cry is as common as a good cry
D. a good cry can sometimes help us face problems rightly
B. you sweat a lot.
C. your face turns pale
D. you are being watched
B. People who fail to understand their emotions.
C. People who are anxious and nervous.
D. People whose mood is not in order.
B. the way of crying
C. the psychology of crying
D. the causes of crying
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