and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?
We all know that science plays an important role in our societies. However, many people
believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first aspect is the
application of the machines, products and systems of knowledge that scientists and technologists
develop. The second is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists
use in their work.
What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful
scientist is curious - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually pays
attention to problems which he notices have no satisfying explanation, and looks for relationships
even if the data available seem to be unconnected．Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing
conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and uses the facts he observes to the
fullest. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star
mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum(光谱).
He does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available．
He rejects authority as the only basis for truth．Scientists always check statements and make
experiments carefully and objectively.
Furthermore, he does not readily accept his own idea, since he knows that man is the least
reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
Lastly, he is full of imagination since he often has to look for relationships in data which are
not only complex but also frequently incomplete．Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants
to guess how processes work and how events take place.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and
acts.
B. more than one aspect
C. technology only
D. the use of machines
B. He is interested in problems that are explained.
C. He makes efforts to investigate potential connections.
D. He looks for new ways of acting.
B. easily criticize others" research work
C. always use his imagination in work
D. always use evidence from observation
B. Objective.
C. Unclear.
D. Prejudiced.
B. Progress in modem society.
C. Scientists" ways of thinking and acting.
D. How to become a successful scientist.
注意:每个空格只填1个单词.
There are many destructive (破坏性的) forces when it comes to nature, which have
destroyed whole cities and killed many people. They"re really terrible, but they occur somewhat
often, and this is why you see so many charities these days which focus their efforts on helping
people who have been affected by natural disasters.
While the world is a very beautiful place to live in, there will always be parts of the world
where natural disasters happen more often than in other places, where properties and lives are
destroyed. Only the people who live in the country where tsunamis and earthquakes as well as
other disasters occur experience these, and we can only imagine the suffering that they go through.
For some people out there, the world is cruel, but they have no choice but to stay where they
are. A lot of the time people simply cannot afford to move away, as they might not be able to get a
job when they leave.
In 2004, there was a tsunami in the Indian Ocean. A tsunami is a large wave that towers hundreds
of feet into the air, and covers whole areas when it comes crashing down on to dry land. This particular
tsunami was caused by an earthquake that happened in the middle of the sea, shooting the water away
from the ground and towards dry land. This tsunami actually reached thirty meters in height, and was one
of the worst tidal waves the world has ever seen. Over 200,000 people were hurt in the disaster.
In 2005, we also saw a hurricane happened in the United States. This hurricane was known as
hurricane Katrina, and is perhaps the worst in the history of the world. It happened in 2005 and
destroyed millions of properties in the area. It also took the lives of nearly 2,000 American people.
It was known that for ten days, the wind swept through the area, meaning the most powerful country
in the world became helpless in their attempts to save the people who were affected by the hurricane.
Finally, in 2008 we saw yet another natural disaster. This time it was a cyclone (旋风), which is
similar to a hurricane but happens in a circular motion (圆周运动). This cyclone Nargis had been
one of the strongest to have ever occurred, reaching a death toll of nearly 150,000 people.
All of these were terrible disasters that were unavoidable.
Title: Forces of Nature
注意:每个空格只填1个单词。
depends on getting oxygen from water through parts of its body.
However,birds" respiration (呼吸) is different from that of dogs and is much more efficient
than that of other animals.The lungs take up just 2 percent of a bird"s body volume,yet the bird
quickly takesin large amounts of oxygen and quickly removes waste and excess heat.
There are actually two respiration systems,internal and external.
The external respiration system uses the lungs and a series of air sacs (袋囊) distributed
throughout the body so that the oxygen supply is in direct communication with body parts.Oxygen
is taken in and exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood,then the carbon dioxide is moved out.
So far,much like dogs.
However,in an important difference,the air flow in a bird is one way,through a series of tubes
and cells,rather than two ways,in and out of the lungs,as it is in dogs.A constant stream of air goes
through lungs and then is channeled through the complex system of air sacs,which also help remove
excess heat,as wellas through hollow bones.The gases are then channeled forward through the lungs
again,then through more air sacs,finally ending up in the windpipe,and are expelled from the body.
The air sac system is bigger than the lungs and takes up 15 percent of the chest and belly area.
Meanwhile,the birds" great oxygen needs are also handled by the internal breathing system.
The oxygen,stored primarily in body fat tissue,is burned through the process of cell respiration.
This process produces both muscular energy and heat.
old. Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life.
Scientists note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile
if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to
please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other
human
beings.
One study shows that babies can learn before they are born. The researchers placed a tape recorder
on the stomach of a pregnant(***的) woman. Then, they played a recording of a short story. On the
day the baby was born, the researchers attempted to find if he knew the sounds of the story repeated
while in his mother. They did this by placing a device in the mouth of the newborn baby.
The baby would hear the story if he moved his mouth one way. If the baby moved his mouth the
other way, he would hear a different story. The researchers say the baby clearly liked the story he heard
before he was born. They say the baby would move his mouth so he could hear the story again and again.
Another study shows how mothers can strongly influence social development and language skills in
their children.
Researchers studied the children from the age of one month to three years.The researchers attempted
to measure the sensitivity of the mothers. The women were considered sensitive if they supported their
children"s activities and did not interfere(干涉) unnecessarily. They tested the children for thinking and
language development when they were three years old. Also, the researchers observed the women for
signs of depression(抑郁症).
The children of depressed women did not do as well in tests as the children of women who did not
suffer from depression. The children of depressed women did poorly in tests of language skills and
understanding what they hear.
These children also were less cooperative and had more problems dealing with other people. The
researchers noted that the sensitivity of the mothers was important to the intelligence (智力)development
of their children. Children did better when their mothers were caring, even when they suffered from
depression.
development in babies?
B. Mother"s sensitivity.
C. Their peers(同龄人).
D.Education before birth.
B. To prove that babies can learn on the first day they are born.
C. To show mothers can strongly influence intelligence development in their babies.
D. To indicate early education has a deep effect on the babies" language skills.
B. The children of women who did not suffer from depression.
C. The children of depressed but caring mothers.
D. Children with high communication abilities.
B. Scientific findings about how the environment has an effect on babies" intelligence.
C. A study shows babies are not able to learn things until they are born or six months old.
D. Scientific findings about how intelligence develops in babies.
piece, a bridge held up by the longest arch in the Western Hemisphere(半球).The Mike
O"Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, connects the US states of Arizona and Nevada,
crosses the vast chasm (峡谷) 890 feet above the Colorado River that is controlled by the dam.
The striking 1,900-foot-long structure will improve traffic in the region and help protect the
dam from being destroyed. It is the seventh highest bridge in the world, behind four in China,one
in Papua New Guinea and one in the US state of Colorado.
"The Hoover Dam is the greatest civil engineering achievement in America"s history," said the
bridge project manager Dave Zanatell. "Our goal was not to outdo or outshine it. Our goal was to,
in a respectful way,do something that would be great for our generation and that would stand besides
Hoover Dam in a respectful and quality way that would become a part of Hoover"s legacy (遗产)."
Just as the Hoover Dam was built in the heart of the Great Depression (大萧条) and was seen as
an example of the nation"s can-do spirit, some hope this project can also provide some uplift.
The bridge is surprising: at 1,050 feet, its support arch holds up a roadway that lies on 300-foot-Iong
concrete pillars (柱子), some of the tallest in the world. It contains 16 million pounds of steel.
The idea of the bridge came into being in the 1960s because the top of the Hoover Dam has been
a narrow two-lane road that is the fastest route from Arizona to Las Vegas and then the Pacific
Northwest and Canada.
Access to the dam from each direction is a dangerously winding route,but massive trucks and
passenger vehicles shared it for decades. During the day,when thousands of tourists travel to the dam
from Las Vegas three times as many accidents as on a normal road will happen.
The bridge has a sidewalk on the side facing the dam. The wall on both sides is 54 inches high,so
walkers can take photos there.
B. It was built during the hard times.
C. It has the longest arch.
D. It"s the seventh highest dam in the world.
B. To save the cultures.
C. To outdo the dam.
D. To develop the tourism.
B. support in money
C. spiritual encouragement
D. instruction in technology
B. American western development
C. a tour along the Colorado River
D a recently built bridge
Carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) poisoning kills and injures many people and animals around
the world. The gas has been a problem since people first began burning fuels to cook food or to
create heat. It is a problem in all parts of the world that experience cold weather.
Carbon monoxide is called the silent killer because people do not know it is in the air. The gas
has no color. It has no taste. It has no smell. It does not cause burning eyes. And it does not cause
people to cough. But it is very deadly. It robs the body of its ability to use oxygen.
Carbon monoxide decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to body tissues. It does this
by linking with the blood. When the gas links with the blood, the blood is no longer able to carry
oxygen to the tissues that need it.
Damage to the body can begin very quickly from large amounts of carbon monoxide. How
quickly this happens depends on the length of time a person is breathing the gas and the amount of
the gas he or she breathes in.
Carbon monoxide poisoning has warning signs. But people have to be awake to recognize them.
Small amounts of the gas will cause a person"s head to hurt. He or she may begin to feel tired. The
person may feel sick. The room may appear to be turning around. The person may have trouble
thinking clearly. People develop severe head pain as the amount of gas continues to enter their blood.
They will begin to feel very tired and sleepy. They may have terrible stomach pains.
Medical experts say carbon monoxide affects people differently. For example, a small child will
experience health problems or die much quicker than an adult will. The general health of the person
or his or her age can also be important. An older adult with health problems may suffer the effects of
carbon monoxide more quickly than a younger person with no health problems. People with heart
disease may suffer chest pains. They may begin to have trouble breathing.
B. Because it is not easily noticed.
C. Because it kills and injures people.
D. Because it always harm people..
B. It decreases the amount of blood in the body.
C. It makes body tissues full of blood.
D. It makes the blood less able to carry oxygen.
B. suffer a severe headache
C. go around in the room
D. have a terrible stomachache
B. Young people are more severely affected than old people.
C. People in poor health may have more severe consequences.
D. People with heart problem only suffer from chest pains.
B. list the damages that carbon monoxide brings to people
C. give advice on how to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning
D. introduce some knowledge about carbon monoxide poisoning
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