题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes’ model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord(脊髓). In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain.
Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring. The bell itself—the mind— could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement: after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury.
The results were striking. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male nondancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers—a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic(慢性) injury. Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce one’s sensitivity to pain.
There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo(安慰剂) injection and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort— not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work.
Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bell on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. There’s a problem with it, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesn’t explain the reverse, which is far more common— the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringing.
小题1:The primary purpose of the passage is to .
A.describe how modern research has updated an old explanation |
B.support a traditional view with new data |
C.promote a particular attitude towards physical experience |
D.suggest a creative treatment for a medical condition |
A.The brain can shut pain off at will. |
B.The brain plays no part in the body’s experience of pain. |
C.Pain can be caused in many different ways. |
D.Pain is an automatic response to bodily injury. |
A.offered an extremely new and original explanation |
B.was just opposite to people’s everyday experiences |
C.was grounded in an ridiculous logic |
D.was so sensible it should have been proposed centuries before |
A.costly, because it troubles millions of people |
B.puzzling, because it sometimes has no obvious cause |
C.disappointing, because it does not improve with treatment |
D.worrying, because it lies beyond the reach of medicine |
A.scientific judgments are difficult to understand |
B.theoretical investigations are generally useless |
C.researchers still have a long way to go before the puzzle is made clear |
D.there is always something puzzling at the heart of science |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:B
小题5:C
解析
试题分析:文章介绍人们一贯对疼痛的认识是对受伤的生理反应,而研究者通过实验表明,不同的人对疼痛的忍受能力不一样,从而得出结论,大脑不会直接受疼痛的影响,而是会控制它。
小题1:主旨题:从第二段的句子:Later, researchers proposed that Descartes’ model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain.可知这篇文章讲的是过去的旧的关于疼痛的理论被新的研究更新了,选A
小题2:细节题:从第一段的句子:He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon – that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain.可知以前对疼痛的认识是对身体受伤的生理反应,选D
小题3:推理题:从第三段的句子:Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain.可知最让人惊讶的建议是因为这种想法是非常新的,独创的,选A
小题4:推理题:从最后一段的句子:but it doesn’t explain the reverse, which is far more common —the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever.可知文章作者提到后背的疼痛是为了解释这是没有原因的疼痛,选B
小题5:句意理解题:从前面的句子:So where does the pain come from? 可知要想把这个问题解决科学家还有很长的路要走。选C
核心考点
试题【Rene Descartes’ explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He p】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Taking a look at why cloning might be beneficial, among many cases, it is arguable that parents who are known to be at risk of passing a genetic limitation to a child could make use of cloning.If the clone was free of genetic limitations.then the other clone would be as well.The latter could foe inserted in the woman and allowed to ripen to term.Moreover, cloning would enable women, who can"t get pregnant, to have children of their own.
Cloning humans would also mean that organs could be cloned, so it would be a source of perfect transfer organs.This, surely would be greatly beneficial to millions of unfortunate people around the world that are expected to lose their lives due to failure of single (or more) organ (s).It is also arguable that a ban on cloning may be unlawful and would rob people of the right to reproduce and limit the freedom of scientists.
Arguments against cloning are also on a perfectly practical side.Primarily, I believe that cloning would step in the normal "cycle" of life.There would be a large number of same genes, which reduce the chances of improvement, and, in turn, development—the fundamental reason how living things naturally adapt to the ever-changing environment.Life processes failing to do so might result in untimely disappearance.Furthermore, cloning would make the uniqueness that each one of us possesses disappear.Thus, leading to creation of genetically engineered groups of people for specific purposes and, chances are, that those individuals would be regarded as "objects" rather than people in the society.
Scientists haven"t 100 per cent.guaranteed that the first cloned humans will be normal.Thus this could result in introduction of additional limitations in the human "gene-pool".
Regarding such arguable topics in "black or white" approach seems very innocent to me personally.We should rather try to look at all "shades" of it.I believe that cloning is only legal if its purpose is for cloning organs; not humans.Then we could regard this as for "saving life" instead of "creating life".I believe cloning humans is morally and socially unacceptable.
小题1:Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Genetic limitation will be beneficial for some women |
B.A large number of genes will prevent us from developing |
C.Prohibition of cloning might limit the freedom of scientists |
D.First cloned humans might be normal according to scientists |
A.Cloning should be entirely banned. |
B.Cloning should be used in creating life. |
C.Cloning will take away the right to reproduce. |
D.Cloning is acceptable if it is used for cloning organs. |
A.In a story book |
B.In a magazine |
C.In a science fiction |
D.In a brochure |
“A very destructive seven-year old child kicked my legs and scratched at my hand,” said one teacher. “I broke up a fight and was kicked,” said another. Many people have heard stories like this. But the situation is more worrying still and it involves parents.Every child, regardless of the circumstances into which they are born, has the right to achieve their potential, regardless of their parents’ wealth and class. And we recognize that, as a nation, it is a long way to achieve this goal. But rights come with responsibilities and what worries people is that we are in danger of neglecting the latter.
Far too many children are behaving badly at school, even to the point of being violent to staff. This is terrible enough,but it is hard to be surprised since many children are just mirroring the behavior of their parents. Too many are starting school unable to hold a knife and fork, unused to eating at a table,and unable to use the lavatory properly.
We are in danger of becoming a nation of families living separate lives under one roof. The bedroom, once a place to sleep, has become the living space for the young. Spending hours in front of computer screens, on social networking sites or being immersed in computer games, children and young people spend little time with their parents. Parents are unable to monitor just what their children are watching.
Schools cannot right the wrongs of society and teachers cannot become substitute parents. Both parties need to work together. Parents must be helped and given confidence to take back control. They are responsible for setting boundaries for their children’s behavior and sticking to those boundaries when the going gets tough. They are responsible for setting a good example to their children and for devoting that most precious of resources---time---so that children come to school ready and willing to learn.
小题1:
What problem do people ignore in the writer’s opinion?A.The school violence |
B.The pressure of students’ learning |
C.The right to achieve students’ potential |
D.Students’ responsibilities |
小题2:
The writer’s attitude to the behaviors of parents may be that of .A.dissatisfaction | B.sympathy | C.understanding | D.tolerance |
小题3:
The underlined part in Paragraph 4 may mean .A.children don’t live with their parents in the same room |
B.parents care little about children’s life at home |
C.children spend little time with their parents at home |
D.parents attempt to establish a good relationship with their children |
小题4:
From the last paragraph,we can infer that
.A.school can’t correct the wrongs that society does to teachers |
B.teachers have no responsibility for playing the role of parents |
C.parents should spend time with children making them ready to learn |
D.students are responsible for making themselves known in society |
小题5:
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Children’s behavior at school is worrying people |
B.Parents expect schools to correct their children’s bad habits |
C.There is no point in parents’teaching children at home |
D.Don’t blame teachers when it’s parents who are failing |
The reef you’d be looking at is made up of glass sponges(海绵). But how can animals be made of glass? Well, glass is formed from a substance called silica. The sponges use the silica found in ocean waters to build glass structures that will give them shape and support. Be careful! Some of the fragile creatures are up to 200 years old.
When sponges die, new ones grow on top of the pile of old ones. Over centuries, a massive and complex reef takes shape. Some sponges look like wrinkled trumpets, while others look like overgrown cauliflower or mushrooms.
Dr. Paul Johnson, who discovered the Washington reef in 2007, also found other surprises such as bubbles of methane(甲烷) gas flowing out of the seafloor nearby. The methane feeds bacteria, and the bacteria feed the glass sponges.
“It’s a new ecosystem we know nothing about,” said Dr. Johnson.
The reef of yellow and orange glass sponges is crowded with crabs, shrimp, starfish, worms, snails, and rockfish. The glass reef is also a nursery for the babies of many of these creatures and was called a “kindergarten” by scientists.
Many animals that live in the reef hang around for a long time, just like the sponges. Rockfish, for example, live for more than 100 years. Scientists are just beginning to study all the species that call the reef home.
The Washington coast isn’t the only place where a living glass reef has been found. The first was discovered in Hecate Strait off the coast of British Columbia in 1991. Scientists all over the world were stunned to see it.
小题1:Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A.Man-made cities under the sea | B.The world under the sea |
C.Glass “cities” under the sea | D.Creatures under the sea |
A.is made up of a kind of materials called sponges |
B.is a work of art made by some American scientists |
C.is a new ecosystem people are not familiar with |
D.was first discovered off the coast of Washington State |
A.The sponges must feel soft. |
B.Silica comes from animals’ body fluid. |
C.Methane is harmful to glass sponges. |
D.Glass sponges depend on the bacteria for a living. |
A.Because the babies of many sea creatures grow well there. |
B.Because thousands of children visit it every year. |
C.Because it is crowded with snails and rockfish, etc. |
D.Because all the species call the reef home. |
A.Greatly surprised. | B.Extremely scared. |
C.Highly satisfied. | D.Very pleased. |
Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget. “We didn’t do any global consideration,” says Patricia Hayes, the board’s chair. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number. The decline in government support has made funding-raising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”
Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind of promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.
小题1:What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?
A.Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S. |
B.A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators. |
C.American universities are enrolling more international students. |
D.University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising. |
A.The political correctness. |
B.Their ability to raise funds. |
C.Their fame in academic circles. |
D.Their administrative experience. |
A.The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably. |
B.Their operation is under strict government supervision. |
C.They are strengthening their position by globalization. |
D.Most of their revenues come from the government. |
A.she was known to be good at raising money |
B.she could help strengthen its ties with Yale |
C.she knew how to attract students overseas |
D.she had boosted Yale’s academic status |
A.They can enhance the university’s image. |
B.They will bring with them more international faculty. |
C.They will view a lot of things from a new perspective. |
D.They can set up new academic disciplines. |
小题1:_ But by using a college admissions consultant (咨询员), you can greatly increase your chances of getting accepted into the first college on your list. These consultants are people who are expert at getting people just like you into the college of their dreams.小题2:They can make a difference in your college admission quest.
Help finding schools. Perhaps you don’t know where you want to go or only have an unclear idea as to where you would like to go. Your consultant can give you many ideas as to which schools would be fit for you and then you can go from there.
Help with applications.小题3:They will be able to review your application before it is sent off to the college you are applying to and be able to tell you if there is anything that needs to be added or taken away. Imagine how terrible it would be to get refused by the college of your choice only because of some small mistakes.
Help with student loans (贷款). It may be necessary for you to get student loans in your college. 小题4: Your consultant will know exactly where to look and can even help you determine what type of aid you can get. They can even give you some ideas of specific scholarships for you.
It is true that it costs money to hire a college admissions consultant. If they can provide you with ideas for your need, the money is good for the value小题5: I think it is necessary to get into the school you want with the consultants’ help.
A.After all, you are only going to go to college once. |
B.You may be puzzled by so many kinds of applications. |
C.But you may have no idea where to begin your search. |
D.They know how to do with the scholarship at the college. |
F. Getting accepted into the college of your choice is sometimes a difficult thing.
G. They know exactly what schools do and don’t want to see on applications.
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