题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
One study involved sixty-eight healthy young women and men who ran at least twenty-four kilometers a week. The runners were observed on a treadmill machine (跑步机). Sometimes they wore running shoes. Other times they ran barefoot (赤脚).
Researchers from the JKM Technologies company in Virginia, the University of Virginia and the University of Colorado did the study.
They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees, hips and ankle joints than running barefoot. They observed that the effect was even greater than the effect reported earlier for walking in high heels.
The study appeared in the official scientific journal of The American Academy of Physical Medicine.
The other study appeared in the journal Nature. It compared runners in the United States and Kenya. The researchers were from Harvard University in Massachusetts, Moi University in Kenya and the University of Glasgow in Scotland.
They divided the runners into three groups. One group had always run shoeless. Another group had always run with shoes. And the third group had changed to shoeless running.
Runners who wear shoes usually come down heel first. That puts great force on the back of the foot. But the study found that barefoot runners generally land on the front or middle of their foot. That way they ease into their landing and avoid striking their heel.
Harvard’s Daniel Lieberman led the study. He says the way most running shoes are designed may explain why those who wear them land on their heels. The heel of the shoe is bigger and heavier than other parts of the shoe, so it would seem more likely to come down first. Also, the heel generally has thick material under it to soften landings.
But the researchers do not suggest that runners immediately start running barefoot. They say it takes some training. And there can be risks, like running when your feet are too cold to feel if you get injured.
The study was partly supported by Vibram, which makes a kind of footwear that it says is like running barefoot. The findings have gotten a lot of attention. But the researchers say there are many problems in the way the press has reported in their paper. So they have tried to explain their findings on a Harvard Website.
小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage?
A.Walking in high heels could cause less serious effects than running barefoot. |
B.Two new discoveries encourage people to run in high heels. |
C.Running in shoes is partly good to runners. |
D.Two new studies prove running without shoes is beneficial to runners in most cases. |
A.Toes. | B.Hips. | C.Feet. | D.Legs. |
A.The way that we run by landing on the front or middle of our foot could avoid damaging our heel. |
B.We should start running barefoot in no time. |
C.Running in modern running shoes could cause more serious effects than running in high heels. |
D.We won’t be injured if we run barefoot. |
A.Persuasive. | B.Negative. | C.Objective. | D.Supportive. |
答案
小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:C
解析
试题分析:文章主要阐述了两项研究的结果。两项新的研究显示,穿跑鞋对运动员的伤害会很大,而赤脚跑步能够减轻对膝盖、脚踝等的伤害。
小题1:根据第一段“Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of injuries to runners.”第四段“They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees, hips and ankle joints than running barefoot.”和第八段“But the study found that barefoot runners generally land on the front or middle of their foot. That way they ease into their landing and avoid striking their heel.”可知,这两项研究都表明,赤脚跑步对运动员更有益处,故选D。
小题2:根据第四段“They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees, hips and ankle joints than running barefoot.”可知,跑鞋会带来更多的压力,从而对膝盖、臀部和踝关节造成伤害。故选B。
小题3:根据倒数第四段“But the study found that barefoot runners generally land on the front or middle of their foot. That way they ease into their landing and avoid striking their heel.”可知,赤脚跑步的运动员,脚的前部或中部先落地,这样做会减轻落地时的冲击,不会伤到脚后跟,故选A。
小题4:根据“Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of injuries to runners.
They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees, hips and ankle joints than running barefoot. ...Runners who wear shoes usually come down heel first. That puts great force on the back of the foot.”可知,两项研究都显示,跑鞋对运动员的伤害很大,作者反对穿跑鞋进行跑步。故选C。
核心考点
试题【Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of inj】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
The study shows that musical harmony can be learnt, and it is a matter of training the brain to hear the sounds. So if you thought that the music of some foreign culture (or Jazz) sounded like the crying of cats, it’s simply because you haven’t learnt to listen by their rules.
The researchers used 66 volunteers with a range of musical training and tested their ability to hear combinations of notes(音符) to determine if they found the combinations familiar or pleasing. They found that people needed to be familiar with combinations of notes. If they found the notes unfamiliar they also found the sound unpleasant. This finding put an end to centuries of theories claiming that physical functions of the ear determine what we find attractive.
The study found that trained musicians were much more sensitive to unpleasant notes than non-musicians. When they couldn’t find the note, the musicians reported that the sounds were unpleasant, while non-musicians were much less sensitive. This shows the importance of training or nurturing(培养) the brain to like particular sound of combinations of notes, like those found in jazz or rock.
Depending on their training, a strange chord(和弦) sound was pleasant to some musicians, but very unpleasant to others. This showed us that even the ability to hear a musical note is learnt.
To confirm this finding, they trained 19 non-musicians to find the notes of a random selection of western chords. Not only did the participants’ ability to hear notes improve rapidly, afterward they reported that the chords they had learnt sounded more pleasant -- regardless of how the chords were played.
The question of why some combinations of musical notes are heard as pleasant or unpleasant has long been debated. “We have shown in this study that for music, beauty is in the brain of the beholder(观看者)”, a researcher said.
小题1:According to the study, people find foreign music quite unpleasant because_____.
A.they hear the music much too often |
B.they don’t like the person playing it |
C.they have no idea about how to listen |
D.they have no born musical ability at all |
A.be trained to like particular music |
B.make friends with real musicians |
C.find the beauty of chords without training |
D.enjoy the beauty of music when played by musicians |
A.the brain likes particular combinations of notes |
B.not a strange note was pleasant to all musicians |
C.how the chords were played was very important |
D.people’s ability to hear a musical note can be learnt |
A.Love of musical harmony can’t be taught. |
B.Love of music is not natural but nurtured. |
C.Listening to music can improve your brain. |
D.You can be a musician without being trained. |
Located on the shore of an Indian island, Huff’s award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Phailin.
Huff pointed out that many houses built along shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement(执行) of building codes wasn’t strict. After Phailin’s attack, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house should be able to stand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.
At first sight, Huff"s house looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble “a large party lantern” at night, according to one observer. But looks can be misleading. The house’s wooden frame is reinforced(加固) with long steel rods to give it extra strength.
To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on pilings---long columns of wood anchored(固定) deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also balance the house above storm waves. The pilings allow the waves to run under the house instead of running into it. “These swells of water come ashore at great speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings,” said Huff.
Huff designed the wooden pilings to be partially hidden by the house’s ground-to-roof shell. “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs pulled up,” said Huff. In case of a storm wave, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.
小题1:After Hurricane Phailin, new houses built along shore line are required_____.
A.to be easily reinforced |
B.to look smarter in design |
C.to meet stricter building standards |
D.to be designed in the shape of cubes |
A.it is made of redwood |
B.it is in the shape of a shell |
C.it is strengthened by steel rods |
D.it is built with wood and stones |
A.support the weight of the house |
B.allow the waves to run through the house |
C.anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand |
D.prevent water from rushing into the house |
A.to give the house a better appearance |
B.to strengthen the pilings of the house |
C.to protect the wooden frame of the house |
D.to slow down the speed of the swelling water |
A single angry word has lost many a friend. When Socrates found in himself any temper or anger, he would check it by speaking low in order to control himself. If you are conscious of being angry, keep your mouth shut so that you can hold back rising anger. Many a person has dropped dead in great anger. Fits of anger bring fits of disease. “Whom the gods would destroy they firstmake mad” “Keep cool”, says George Herbert, “for fierceness (狂怒) makes error a fault.”
To be angry with a weak man is to prove that you are not strong yourself. “Anger,” says Pythagoras, “brings with folly(愚蠢) and ends with regret.” You must measure the strength of a man by the power of the feelings he conquers, not by the power of those which conquer him.
Selfcontrol is man"s last greatest victory.
If a man lacks selfcontrol he seems to lack everything. Without it he can have no patience, no power to govern himself; he can have no selfconfidence, for he will always be controlled by his strongest feeling. If he lacks selfcontrol, the very backbone and nerve of character are lacking also.
小题1:What does the reader learn from the first paragraph?
A.The greatest victory for a man is to conquer everything except himself. |
B.One"s moral freedom is based on the control of himself. |
C.To control oneself is the most difficult in one"s life. |
D.If a person is too stubborn, he will feel most shameful. |
A.If the gods want to kill you, they make you crazy first. |
B.If you cannot control yourself, you will become crazy. |
C.If you always lose your temper, you will soon be finished. |
D.If you are mad, you will be punished by the gods. |
A.the very backbone and nerve of character |
B.the patience and power to control himself |
C.selfconfidence |
D.strong feelings |
A recent report says we spend an average of two hours and 40 minutes each day looking at a smart phone. That doesn’t mean making calls, but playing phone games and browsing the Web.
Nowadays we always find people checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation instead of traditional communication. It’s no secret that our lives are being affected by our smart phones obsession.
However, this phenomenon has never been presented so vividly as in the short YouTube film I Forgot My Phone. Despite only being online for a few days, it"s already been viewed more than 10.5 million times. Whether it will be screened in the cinema remains to be seen.
Ironically, YouTube’s data show that the site gets a billion views per day from mobile devices, so a lot of those people watched it on their phones.
The short film, written by and starring actress Charlene Deguzman, shows groups of people in various social situations, the majority of whom are absorbed in their phones instead of the world around them. To a certain extent, we all do it.
小题1:People prefer a smart phone to a common one, because the latter only can help us ______.
A.check emails | B.send messages | C.find the destination | D.watch a video |
A.devotion | B.contribution | C.addiction | D.emotion |
A.People spend as average of two hours and 40 minutes each day using smart phones. |
B.The film hasn’t been put on in the cinema. |
C.The film is written by an actor named Charlene Deguzman. |
D.The film has already been viewed more than 105 million times in the first few days. |
A.encouraged | B.depressed | C.proud | D.satisfied |
Now I will tell you about which states I believe are the best to live in. California is a nice state. Northern California especially has very good weather. As for me, I enjoyed the time I spent in Massachusetts, Virginia and Mary land. These states have a lot of history and culture. The weather is not so perfect as that in California, but is still quite nice. My favourite of America is the Midwest. Middle America, I think, is home to the true American sense of values. Besides, there are many good universities, too.
Also you need to think about your likes and dislikes and then research the different areas. You like sunshine and hate snow? Then you probably won’t like the Midwest or even the Northeast. Open space, nature, peace and quiet? Then you’d better stay away from America’s larger cities. Are you interested in government? Then Washington D.C. is the only place for you. Whatever you decide, put some thought into it.
小题1:From the first paragraph we can infer that in the USA .
A.all colleges and universities lie in big cities |
B.all colleges and universities lie in beautiful places |
C.famous colleges and universities lie in nice places |
D.famous colleges and universities may not lie in nice places |
A. The climate
B. The scenery
C. The study condition
D. The living condition
小题3:The writer likes Middle America best because .
A.he feels the real character of the nation here |
B.the weather is fine here |
C.the life is full of excitement |
D.he likes sunshine and hates snow |
A.tells us something about American universities |
B.gives us some advice on studying in America |
C.lets us know about America |
D.describes the scenery of America |
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