过去完成时
过去完成时的结构
主语+had+动词过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.
②否定句:主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句:had+主语+动词过去分词+其他+?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+had
否定回答:No,主语+hadn't.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)
⑤被动语态:主语+had(not) +been+动词过去分词+其他
过去完成时的基本用法
概述
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。
(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补充以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。
(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
(5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
(6)状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,“发生在过去的过去”,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。
(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly when,no sooner than,It was the firsttime…等固定句型中。
用法
过去完成时表示在某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时刻可用by、before等构成的短语,也可用when、before等引导的从句,或者通过上下文表示。
列举
By the time I went outside,the bus had already left.
When I got to school,I realized I had left my backpack at home.[1]
时间状语
before,when,after,by+,by the time+, by the end of, until, once,had no sooner……than,yet,already等。
例句
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。[2]
He said that he had known her well.他说,他很了解她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before我以为前一周我寄了那封信的。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到英国后,他努力提高他的英语水平。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.当我醒来时,雨已经停了。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you我们希望能被允许来看你。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year这是他那一年第三次失业。
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night到昨晚9点钟,我已经读完这本小说。
过去完成时的语法区别
与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以now的时间为基点,但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。
比较:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。
与一般过去时的区别
1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.过去完成时表示过去的过去,不单独使用,一般和一般过去式一起使用。
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
过去完成时的语法判定
由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
由“过去的过去”来判定
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
( 1 )宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
根据上、下文来判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
She said that it was the second time that I _____ the film. [ ] A. have seen
B. saw
C. see
D. had seenIt was the first time _____ I _____ face to face with a thunder storm. A. when / had come
B. that / have come
C. when / came
D. that / had comeIt was the first time in a year and a half that I _____ the night face to face.
A. saw
B. have seen
C. had seen
D. was seeing单句语法填空。 1. By the time he got home, his wife ______ (do) all the housework.
2. In the United States, lunch _______ (offer) to students for free at school.
3. The first step towards _______ (protect) the environment is to live a "low-carbon" lifestyle.
4. While I ______ (sweep) the floor yesterday, the telephone rang.
5. The audience are requested _______ (show) their tickets when they enter the cinema.
6. They _______ (eat) up all the food, but they still feel hungry.
7. We meet each other _______ (frequent) in this hotel.
8. I prefer basketball _______ football.
9. By reading we can ________ (rich) our vocabulary and improve our English.
10. My friend is growing _______ tired of English words that he wants to give it up.单句改错。下列句子中,每句有一个错误,请予以改正。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。1. Tom asked his mother where she has put his model warship. ______
2. The plane which pilot got a sudden heart attack was in great danger of crash. ______
3. The soup was smelt strange, so he asked the waiter to change it for another bowl. ______
4. Mrs. Smith bought three pet dogs, all of them were black. ______
5. The hurricane left the whole city in ruins and it seemed as if the world was at end. ______
6. Over 1% of the students in that school has caught the new type of flu. ______
7. Peope in Beijing also felt the quake, which is more than two hundred kilometers far away. ______
8. Dislike China, Canada has a much smaller population with much larger land. ______
9. He taught himself English while worked in a bank. ______
10. Along the way children dressed long wool coats stopped to look at us. ______When Jack arrived, he learned Mary _____. [ ] A. has left
B. is leaving
C. had left
D. leftThe young man insisted that the young girl ______ his money and ______ to the police. A. had stolen; was sent
B. should steal; should be sent
C. had stolen; be sent
D. should steal; was sentHis father told me that he _____ for the United States three days _____.
A. has left; ago
B. had left; ago
C. left; ago
D. had left; beforeIt was the third time that she ______ to this mountain village to see the children. A. had come
B. has come
C. came
D. would come— Got your driving license?
— No. I _____ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn"t take the driving test last week.
A. was
B. have been
C. had been
D. amMrs. Smart insisted that she _____ the work all by herself, but nobody believed her.
A. had done
B. should do
C. did
D. doWhen they went to the theatre, the concert _____ for fifteen minutes. A. had begun
B. had began
C. had been on
D. was on— Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
— Oh! I thought they _____ without me.
A. went
B. are going
C. have gone
D. had goneNo sooner _____ on the TV than I heard the news that the stampede in Cambodia"s capital, Phnom Penh, had left 375 victims dead.
A. had I turned
B. did I turn
C. I had turned
D. I turnedIt was the third time that I _____ to Beijing. [ ] A. have been
B. had been
C. was
D. beenWhen I got there, the meeting _____ for ten minutes.
A. has been on
B. had begun
C. had been on
D. has begunNo sooner _____ home than the telephone rang.
A. he had arrived
B. had he arrived
C. he arrived
D. did he arriveFew people seem to care about what a super star _____ before he/she became famous.
A. goes through
B. is going through
C. have gone through
D. had gone throughI was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone _____ it. Was it you? [ ]
A. has done
B. had done
C. would do
D. will doIt took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _____ for me.
A. had done
B. did
C. would do
D. were doing一 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
一 No. I _____ the book, so I already knew the story.
A. was reading
B. had read
C. am reading
D. have readI was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone _____ it. Was it you? [ ]
A. has done
B. had done
C. would do
D. will do— Peter, where did you guys go for the summer vacation?
— We _____ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.
A. were
B. have been
C. had been
D. will beHis mother suggested he ____ to see the doctor, because his pale face suggested he ____ ill. A. would go, had been
B. go, was
C. went, had been
D. must go, wasLi Ming went to London last year, which was the first time that he _____ abroad.
A. had travelled
B. travelled
C. was travelling
D. would travel— Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
— No, I _______the book, so I already knew the story?[ ] A. was reading
B. had read
C. am reading
D. have readThe hotel wasn"t particularly good. But I _____ in many worse hotels.
A. was staying
B. stayed
C. would stay
D. had stayedThe flood passed, and _____ great damage.
A. having caused
B. causing
C. to cause
D. had caused— Why didn"t you come to the cinema with us last Saturday?
— Oh, sorry. But I _____ the film.
A. see
B. saw
C. have seen
D. had seenThe couple finally bought the house they wanted, for they _____ enough money.
A. had saved
B. were saving
C. would save
D. were to saveThe young man, who by then _____ admission to university, decided to do some part-time jobs to gain more
practical experience.[ ]
A. gained
B. was gaining
C. has gained
D. had gainedThe policeman told me that I had passed the driving test and never in my life _____ so happy and excited.
A. I felt
B. did I feel
C. I had felt
D. had I feltThey became friends again that day. Until then, they _____ to each other for nearly two years.
A. didn"t speak
B. hadn"t spoken
C. haven"t spoken
D. haven"t been speakingLucy asked _____ the night before. A. where did I go
B. where had I gone
C. where I had gone
D. I had gone whereWe arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody _____ into the office during the night.
A. broke
B. had broken
C. has broken
D. was breakingBy the time Jack returned home from England, his son _____ from college. [ ] A. graduated
B. has graduated
C. had been
D. had graduated— What a mistake!
— Yes. I _____ his doing it another way, but without success.
A. was suggesting
B. will suggest
C. would suggest
D. had suggestedThe manager was worried about the press conference his assistant _____ in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. A. gave
B. gives
C. was giving
D. had givenShe was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything!
A. had been eating
B. had eaten
C. have eaten
D. have been eatingLast month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they _____from China.
A. receive
B. are receiving
C. have received
D. had receivedThe hotel wasn"t particularly good. But I _____ in many worse hotels.
A. was staying
B. stayed
C. would stay
D. had stayedJohn was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ____ with them to school.
A. took
B. had taken
C. were taking
D. would takeI was just going to water my garden but someone _____ it. Was it Tom?
A. has done
B. had done
C. would do
D. was doingI thought I _____ my cell phone somewhere. But it is on the back seat of my car.
A. had lost
B. would lose
C. have lost
D. loseNapoleon would have taken over the world if he ______ the Battle of Waterloo. [ ] A. wins
B. won
C. had won
D. has wonI arrived late and missed the flight. I _____ the traffic to be so heavy. [ ] A. hadn"t expected
B. haven"t expected
C. wouldn"t expect
D. was expectedI _____ to go for a walk, but someone called and I couldn"t get away.
A. was planning
B. planned
C. had planned
D. would planHe ____ to the lab when he set out to do the experiment. [ ] A. has hardly got
B. hardly got
C. will hardly get
D. had hardly gotWe couldn"t catch up with the others because they ____ too long before us.
A. started
B. were starting
C. have started
D. had startedSo carefully ____ the performance that it went smoothly in the competition. A. have we prepared
B. had we prepared
C. we have prepared
D. we had prepared
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