A new weapon(武器) is on the way in the fight against smoking in Europe. Soon when smokers buy
cigarettes they might see a shocking photo of a blackened lung or a cancer patient staring back at them
from the packet.
Some boys may think of smoking as cool and sexy. Their friends won"t agree when they see their
packets of cigarettes Iying on the table. The European Union announced that it had chosen 42 photos that
showed the damage cigarettes could do to the body. It called on member nations to put these pictures on
packets to discourage smokers. To catch the attention of teenagers, the special packets warn of long-term
medical dangers, like cancer. Short-term effects, like bad skin, are also on the list.
"The true face of smoking is disease, death and horror. That is the message we should send to the
young," said David Byrne, an EU health official. " Hopefully these pictures will shock students out of their
love for cigarettes. "
The EU head office hoped the pictures would work better than current written warnings on packets of
cigarettes. The warnings included " smoking kills" and
"smoking can lead to a slow and painful death".
So far, Ireland and Belgium have shown interest in the photos. Canada has used similar pictures and
warnings on cigarette packets since 2000. The country has recently seen a fallin the number of the single
biggest cause of avoidable deaths in the EU. Every year more than 650,000 smokers die, more than one
person a minute.
B. photos printed in place of the wrrtten warnings
C. written warnings printed on the cigarette packets
D. shocking pictures put up where cigarettes are sold
B. Because it shows both dangers and effects.
C. Because it can be seen by the smokers" friends.
D. Because it is more powerful to catch attention.
B. Many smokers don"t quite believe the written warnings.
C. The new form of warnings has already been proved to work.
D. Smoking has caused more deaths than anything else in the EU.
B. A New Weapon
C. Young Smokers in Canada
D. Deaths from Smoking
The United Nations" weather agencysays 2010 was one of the warmest yearson record,
providing further evidence thatthe planet is slowly but surely heating
(无法处理)up.
The World Meteorological Organization says globalaverage temperatures last year
were just over half a degreeCelsius higher than the 1961~1990 period, slightly abovethe
temperature of 2005, and a little higher again over thatof 1998, which were previously
two of the top threewarmest years on record.
Michel Jarraud, an official in the World MeteorologicalOrganization, said, "We can
indeed report that 2010 is nowgoing to rank as the warmest year on record at the same
level as 2005 and 1998. "
The ten warmest years after records began in 1854 haveall occurred since 1998. Rising
global temperatures over the last century arecausing climate experts to worry.
The Geneva-based global weather agency says that lastyear"s extreme weather-notably
the heat wave in Russiaand monsoon(季风,雨季)flooding in Pakistan--hascontinued into
the new year.
Michel Jarraud also said, "What we can say is that withglobal warming some of these
events will become morefrequent or more intense. "
The UN agency contributes the extreme weatherpatterns to El Nino and La Nina,
which constantlydominated the world climate in 2010, bringing warm effectsand cooling
effects respectively.
Apart from extreme weather conditions, the WM() alsonoticed further melting of Arctic
sea-ice.ln December 2010,ice cover around the region registered its lowest level, 1. 35million
square kilometers below the 1979-2000 Decemberaverage.
B. the average temperatures of 1998 and 2005 were higher than that of 2010
C. 1998,2005 and 2010 were among the warmest tenycars on record
D. the earth is becoming cooler and cooler
B. The heat wave in Russia.
C. The monsoon flooding in Pakistan.
D. El Nino and La Nina.
B. Controlled.
C. Affected.
D. Raised.
B. 2010 was one of the warmest years on record.
C. The Arctic sea-ice is melting.
D. The extreme weather in 2010 and its effects.
A nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean inthe summer may happen three timessooner than scientists
have assessed.New research says the Arctic might lose
most of its ice cover in summer in as few as 30 years insteadof by the end of the century.
The amount of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice at theend of summer by then could be
only about 1 million squarekilometers. That"s compared to today"s ice extent c范围)of4. 6
million square kilometers. So much more open watercould be an advantage for shipping
and for extracting(开采)minerals and oil from the seabed, but it raises the questionof
ecosystem change.
While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 assessed what might
happen in the Arctic in the future based on results from more than a dozen globalclimate
models, two researchers said that the dram4tic dropsin the extent of ice at the end of
summer in 2007 and 2008called for a different approach.
Out of the 23 models now available, the newpredictions are based on the six most
suited for assessing sea ice, according to Muyin Wang, a climate scientist in a university
of Washington, and James Overland, an oceanographer. Wang and Overland sought
models that best matched what has actually happened in recent years,because, "if a
model can"t do today"s conditions well, howcan you trust its future predictions?" Wang
says. "
In recent years the combination of unusual warmtemperatures from natural causes
and the global warmingsignal have worked together to provide an earlier summersea-ice
loss than was predicted when scientists consideredthe effects from human-caused
carbon dioxide alone," saysOverland.
Scientists don"t expect the Arctic to be totally ice free,figuring that ice still will be
found along northern Canadaand Greenland where powerful winds sweeping across
theArctic Ocean force ice layers to slide on top of each other,making for a very thick
ice cover.
B. opinions from government officials
C. examples that were provided by the author
D. researchers" assessment of the global climate models
B. That there will be a very thick ice cover in northern Canada.
C. That the sea-ice loss was the effect of the unusual climate change.
D. That the temperature will be very low in the futurebecause of the sea ice.
B. 6
C. 12
D. 23
B. the cause of global warming
C. the new research about the Arctic sea-ice
D. how to do research with models .
a new study thatreveals forests help to block out the sun.
Scientists in the UK and Germanyhave discovered that trees release achemical that thickens
clouds abovethem, which reflects more sunlight andcools the earth. The research suggeststhat
chopping down forests could speed
up global warming, and that protecting existing trees couldbe one of the best ways to
deal with the problem.
Dominick Spracklen, of the Institute for Climate andAtmospheric Science at Leeds
University, said, "We thinkthis could have quite a great effect. You can think of forestsas
climate air conditioners. "
The scientists looked at chemicals called terpenes(萜烯) that are released from
northern forests across northernregions such as Canada, Scandinavia and Russia. The
chemicals give forests a special smell, but their function haspuzzled experts for years.
Some believe the trees releasethem to communicate, while others say they could offer
protection from air pollution.
The team found the terpenes react in the air and formaerosols(气雾剂).They help to
turn water vapour(蒸气)in the atmosphere into clouds.
Spracklen said the team"s computer models showedthat the aerosols doubled the
thickness of clouds about1,000 meters above the forests, and would reflect an extra5%
sunlight back into space.
He said, "It might not sound a lot, but that is quite astrong cooling effect. The climate
is such a finely balancedsystem that we think this effect is large enough to reduce
temperatures over quite large areas. It gives us anotherreason to preserve forests. "
Becausetreesrelease . moreterpenesinwarmerweather, the discovery suggests that
forests could act as anegative feedback (反馈) on climate, which slows the rise in
temperature.
B. growing more trees in the world
C. releasing aerosols above the forests
D. releasing terpenes in the air
B. They help thicken the clouds that reflect sunlight.
C. They make the temperature rise in cold northernarea s.
D. They help trees grow better.
B. reducing harmful chemicals in the air
C. producing a large amount of oxygen
D. reducing the earth"-s temperature
行病) of sleepiness in the nation."I can"t think of a single study that hasn"t found Americans getting less
sleep than they ought to," says Dr David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably
be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleepdeficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century
ago.From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have
reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best sleep habits
once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By
the 1950s and 1960s,the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and
most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat in their sleep,and they don"t even realize they"re
doing it," says Dr David."They think they"re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really
need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally energetic."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researches say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever
pressures from work , family, friends and community increase , many people consider sleep the least
expensive item on their programme."In our society,you"re considered dynamic if you say you need only
5.5 hours" sleep.If you"ve got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleepdeficit , researchers have put subjects through a set of
psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a
passage read to them only minutes earlier."We"ve found that if you"re in sleepdeficit,performance suffers,"
says Dr David."Shortterm memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
B.The epidemic of sleepiness in the modern times.
C.The history of people"s sleeping patterns.
D.The minimum of our sleeping hours.
B.Some people can remain energetic with only 6.5 hours"sleep a night.
C.If they get 18.5 hours"sleep,people will be full of drive and ambition.
D.People"s metal power suffers if they are lacking in sleep.
B.they knew what was best for their health
C.they had no electricity
D.they were not so dynamic and ambitious as modern people are
B.the pressures of the day
C.the sufficient energy modern people usually have
D.loud noises in modern cities
B.Branches of knowledge studied in a school.
C.Persons or things being treated in a certain way or being experimented on.
D.Any member of a state apart from the supreme ruler.
adults around the world.
Sleep might be one answer to the problem.A new study has found that elementary school students
who slept too little were more likely to gain pounds.In the United States today, some 9 million children
over the age of 6 are obese (too fat).
Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had a
tough time determining"which_came_first, the_chicken_or_the_egg", says Julie C. Lumeng of the
University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.In other words, it hasn"t been clear whether kids who weigh too
much have trouble sleeping, or whether sleeping less leads to weight gain.Both scenarios (情况) seemed
equally possible.
To get a better idea of which causes which, Lumeng and his colleagues interviewed the parents of
785 third graders from around the United States.The parents answered questions about how well their
kids slept that year.Three years later, the parents answered the same questions.By sixth grade,18
percent of kids involved in the study were obese.The scientists found no relationship between weight
and the students"race or gender.It also didn"t matter how strict their parents were.Obesity struck all of
these groups equally.
Instead, sleep seemed to be the key factor.Over the 3 years of the study, the children averaged a
healthy 9.5 hours of sleep a night.Some kids, however, slept a lot more-or less-than others.For the sixth
graders, every hour of sleep above the 9.5hour average was linked to a 20 percent lower risk of being
obese.Sleep appeared doubly important for the third graders.Every extra hour of sleep they got was
linked to a 40 percent drop in obesity by third grade.
"I expected we"d find that this (sleep link with obesity) was just a_bunch_of_bunk, " says Lumeng,
a pediatrician.But their findings were convincing.No matter how her team looked at the link, "we
couldn"t make it go away."
1. According to the research, ________.
A. 9 million people in America have a weight problem
B. not enough sleep contributes to a gain in weight
C. sixth graders need more sleep than third graders
D. lack of sleep has become the most deadly killer
2. The statement "which came first, the chicken or the egg" suggests that________.
A. scientists are sure about the causes of children"s obesity
B. it"s easy to decide the cause and effect of this problem
C. scientists are still confused about the cause and effect of the problem
D. you"ll develop obesity if you eat chicken and eggs
3. Recent studies show that a child"s weight is influenced by the________.
A. amount of sleep
B. parents"attitude to him
C. race or gender
D. performance in school
4. The underlined part in the last paragraph most probably means something________.
A. acceptable
B. understandable
C. reliable
D. unreasonable
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