题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
China itself made the comparison possible: for decades, a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating, but only in the colder north. Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health, "the deeper and ultimately more important question is the impact on life expectancy," said one of the researchers, Michael Greenstone, a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of 一Technology. "This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the(heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations(含量),,,Greenstone said in an email. "Further, due to the low rates of migration in China in this period, we can know people"s exposure over long time periods," he said.
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv饥which divides China into north and south. It was in effect for much of the 1950-198,0 period of central planning, and, though discontinued after 1980, it has left a legacy(遗留) in the north of heavy coal burning, which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health. Researchers found no other government policies that treated China"s north differently from the south.
The researchers collected data for 90 cities, from 1981 to 2000, on the annual daily average concentration of total suspended(悬浮的)particulates. In China, those are considered to be particulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including power stations, construction sites and vehicles. Among them, PM2.5 is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs.
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000. They found that in the north, the concentration of particulates was 184 micrograms per cubic meter一or 55 percent higher than in the south, and life expectancies were 5.5 years lower on average across all age ranges.
小题1:The main idea of this passage is that_·
A.research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy |
B.the government provided free coal for heating in North China |
C.coal burning causes bad air quality across China |
D.a new study finds different particulates in South China |
A.power stations | B.construction sites |
C.the free heating policy | D.gases from vehicles |
A.coal is no longer used for heating in North China |
B.air quality was comparatively better in South China |
C.southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s |
D.people preferred to live in South China after 1980 |
A.dirty clouds | B.particular smoke |
C.harmful dust | D.dangerous bacteria |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:C
解析
试题分析:这篇文章讲的是中国的研究发现空气污染缩短人的寿命。北方的人的平均寿命低于南方,就是因为北方的空气污染要比南方严重。
小题1:主旨题:从全篇文章和第一段的句子:A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China.可知这篇文章讲的是中国的研究发现空气污染缩短人的寿命。选A
小题2:细节题:从文章第四段的句子:"This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the (heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations(含量)可知根据Greenstone 所说,免费供暖政策很大程度上导致中国北方的污染含量高的问题。选C
小题3:推理题:从文章第二段的句子:Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.可知中国南方的空气质量相对好一些。选B
小题4:猜词题:从倒数第二段的句子:In China, those are considered to beparticulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including powerstations, construction sites and vehicles.可知"particulates" 指的是“有害的灰尘”,选C
核心考点
试题【A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in nort】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Eco City Farms in Edmonton, Maryland, is located near shopping centers, car repair shops and homes. The neighborhood is a working-class community(社区). People do not have very much money. And they have limited access to fresh food in markets.
Over the past two years, the farm has attracted volunteers from the community like Marcy Clark. She schools her four children at home. On a recent day she brought them to Eco City Farms for a lesson. Her son Alston Clark thinks his experience is very valuable.“I like coming out here,”he says,“You know, you connect with the earth, where your food comes from. You appreciate the food a little bit more.”
Margaret Morgan started Eco City Farms. She thinks of it as a place where people can learn to live healthier lives. “Growing food in a community brings people together,”she continues,“Every piece of what we do here is a demonstration(示范) to show people everything about how to have an eco-friendly community.”she says. From the Eco City Farms people come to know that they are not only growing food and raising chickens and bees, but improving the soil with compost(肥料)made from food waste.
Eco City Farms is an experimental operation. The farm gets its power not from the local electricity networks, but from the sun with solar panels. In winter, the green house use a geothermal(地热)system.
Vegetables can be grown all year. So once a week, all winter long, neighbors like Chris Moss and her three children bike to the farm to pick up a share of the harvest.
“I like eating the vegetables ”say five-year-old Owen Moss.
小题1:What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A.Eco City Farms save a lot of energy. |
B.Eco City Farms are gaining popularity. |
C.Eco City Farms are influencing community life. |
D.Eco City Farms helps the working-class live better. |
A.shopping centers | B.car repair shops |
C.fast-food restaurants | D.working-class community |
A.Enthusiastic(热心的). | B.Disappointed. |
C.Surprised. | D.Doubtful. |
A.People. | B.Travel. | C.Environment. | D.Education. |
From Argentina to Zambia, Regina Guthold of the World Health Organization in Geneva and her colleagues found most children were not getting enough exercise and that it made no difference whether they live in a rich or a poor country. “With regards to physical levels, we didn’t find much of a difference between rich and poor countries,” Guthold said, “Growing up in a poor country doesn’t necessarily mean kids get more physical activities.”
The researchers defined adequate physical activity as at least an hour of exercise outdoors for at least 5 days a week. Children spending 3 or more hours a day watching TV, playing computer games or chatting with friends were classified as sedentary.
The researchers found only a quarter of the boys and 15 percent of the girls were getting enough exercise by these definitions. A quarter of boys and nearly 30% of girls were sedentary and didn’t get enough exercise with girls less active than boys in every country aside from Zambia.
Girls from India were the most active with 37 percent meeting exercise recommendation, while girls from Egypt were the least active with 4 percent getting enough exercise. Children in Myanmar were the least sedentary while the most sedentary nations were St .Lucia and the Cayman Islands.
People show deep concern for kids’ lack of physical activity in various nations. Why do they have a low level of physical activity? Guthold speculated(认为)that urbanization could be a factor as well as easy access to cars and TVs.
小题1:If you are sedentary, you ____________.
A.are a diligent student spending much time doing homework |
B.have at least an hour of exercise outdoors 5 days a week. |
C.like watching TV and playing computer games |
D.spend longer hours sitting or lying without moving |
A.Most children around the world don’t meet the exercise recommendation. |
B.Girls in every country are no more active than boys. |
C.Children in rich countries relatively get less physical activity. |
D.Only 4% of the girls from Egypt are not active in exercise. |
A.Children in poor countries get more physical activities. |
B.Girls in Egypt are more active than those in India. |
C.Couch potatoes are those children addicted to snacks. |
D.Children in Myanmar are less sedentary than those in St .Lucia. |
A.The suitable amount of physical activities for students. |
B.Some of the factors for the popularity of cars and TVs among the kids. |
C.The reasons behind the lack of physical activities. |
D.The ways to make the most of cars and TVs. |
One of the main jogging has over many other sports is that it can be done anywhere . People jog around campuses , in parks and even in urban areas . Special fields and running tracks are not .
Similarly , no special is required—no costly hats , gloves , or balls . Good quality running shoes are , but otherwise the jogger can simply wear loose , comfortable clothing .
Having bended and as basic warm-up , you are ready to begin jogging now .
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There are common themes in different places. Unsurprisingly, people in rich countries are less active than those in poor ones, and old people are less active than young ones. Less obviously, women tend to exercise less than men—34% are inactive, compared with 28% of men. But there are exceptions. The women of Croatia, Finland, Iraq and Luxembourg, for example, move more than their male countrymen.
Malta wins the race for most slothful country, with 72% of adults getting too little exercise, and Swaziland and Saudi Arabia are in close behind, with 69%. In Bangladesh, just 5% of adults fail to exercise enough. Surprisingly, six Americans in ten are active enough according to Dr Hallal’s study, compared with fewer than four in ten British.
These high rates of inactivity are worrying. Human beings seem to have evolved(进化) to benefit from exercise while deliberately avoiding it whenever they can. In a state of nature it would be impossible to live a life that did not provide enough of it. But that is no longer the case. Actually lack of enough activity these days has nearly the same effect on life span(寿命) as smoking.
小题1:We may learn from Paragraph 1 that_________.
A.the decline of exercise rates is newly discovered |
B.the study suggests 31% of female adults get too little exercise |
C.the good enough data has been collected from only one country |
D.the industrial revolution has changed the way people live to some degree |
A.have little time to exercise |
B.hate to get regular exercise |
C.take more exercise to lose weight |
D.exercise more than men in their country |
A.powerful | B.rich | C.lazy | D.unpopular |
A.Worldwide Lack of Enough Exercise |
B.New Health Discovery |
C.Evolvement of Human Beings |
D.Benefits of Taking Exercise |
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC, which places them into five groups. Group 1 carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans. Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic, the carcinogenicity of Group 3 in humans is unclassifiable, and Group 4 is probably not carcinogenic to humans. Only a little more than 100 are classified as Group 1 cancer-causing substances, including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke.
“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,” the lARC"s Dana Loomis said in a statement. “The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.”
In 2010, lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223,000 people worldwide, and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder (膀腕) cancer, according to the IARC.
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory and heart diseases.
Air pollution is global, although the levels of it vary over space and time.
Loomis said people in Asia, eastern North America, some places in Central America and Mexico, as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure. Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors, such as China, are particularly at risk.
Many cities in China, such as Beijing, frequently see smog. This week, Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province, became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems, although to a lesser degree than most developing nations. In Europe, levels of many pollutants have fallen. But between 91 and 96 percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5—tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers—that are higher than the WHO safety limits, says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15.
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other, the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world.
“Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay,” said Christopher Wild, director of the IARC.
小题1:What might be the best title of the passage?
A.Signals of air pollution |
B.Safety limits of air pollution |
C.Air pollution, cancer risk |
D.Air pollution, smog risk |
A.To focus on cancer-causing substances. |
B.To evaluate the air quality. |
C.To study the developing risk of cancer. |
D.To send signals to the international community. |
A.The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place. |
B.More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution. |
C.Developed countries face air pollution, the level of which is higher than the safety limits. |
D.A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution. |
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