题目
题型：高考真题难度：来源：
researchers.
Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping
coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could
lead to more effective cough treatment. "While coughing is not necessarily harmful (有害的) it can have
a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this
problem," said Professor Peter Barnes.
Ten healthy volunteers (志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no
medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which
pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and
as a sign of how well the medicine is stopping coughs.
The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a
cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only
slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity (神经活动), which
cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side
effects such as sleepiness.
B. can be harmful to people"s health
C. cannot be separated from chocolate
D. can be a more effective cure for coughs
B. Codeine.
C. Capsaicin.
D. Placebo.
B. were divided into the three groups
C. received standard treatments
D. suffered little side effects
B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs
C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case
B. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more e】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
volatile compounds, chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower"s sweet smell, for example,
comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees.
Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insects,
for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other
trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away-or even chemicals that attract the bugs" natural enemies.
Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor (传感器)
called an electronic nose. The "e-nose" can tell compounds that crop plants make when they"re attacked.
Scientists say the e-nose could help quickly detest whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today the only
way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. This is a challenging task for managers of
greenhouses, enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants.
The research team worked with an e-nose that recognizes volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors
chemically react with volatile compounds. Based on these interactions, the e-nose gives off electronic signals
that the scientists analyze using computer software.
To test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all
common greenhouse crops. Then the scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type
of crop. These plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole
punch (打孔器).
The e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber, pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile
compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive,
the device could tell which type of damage - by insects or with a hole punch-had been done to the tomato leaves.
With some fine tuning, a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful
bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready
to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareve, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies
smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse
managers in the near future.
B. waving their leaves
C. producing some chemicals
D. sending out electronic signals
B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.
C. They collected different damaged leaves.
D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.
B. spot the insects quickly
C. distinguish different damages to the leaves
D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves
B. is not yet used in greenhouses
C. is designed by scientists at Purdue
D. is helpful in killing harmful insects
For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent
mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a
time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature
for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show
that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss.
In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶脑皮层). Brian scans
of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of
the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex
"moment of rest" yourself if you"ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you
dialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering,
your mind shifted to anther thought or task, and then took that "moment" to come back. Research has also
shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency (效率) declines while multitasking, as compared to when
they perform only one task at a time.
Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people
don"t find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attention-
requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes.
We often don"t remember things as well when we"re trying to manage several details at the same time.
Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes
it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people"s names-even sometimes right
after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks
their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can
also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.
B. To reduce their stress and anxiety.
C. To develop their communication skills.
D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily.
B. He is probably interrupted by another task.
C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called.
D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking.
B. new messages are processed one after another
C. their relationships with others are affected
D. the tasks require little thought
B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.
C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.
D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.
某杂志的专题报道摘要（A、B、C、D、E和F），选出适合他们研究的最佳案例。选项中有一项是多余
选项。
( )2. Helen: Making use of the heavy traffic to produce electricity.
( )3. Catherine: Building a community without private cars
( )4. Elizabeth: Building houses with recycled materials and energy-efficiency systems
( )5. Levin: Developing a new type of urban car which burns less gas
| A | B |
| Vauban We know cars are terrible polluters, but would you give yours up? Vauban, a community in southwestern Germany, did just that, and its 5,000 citizens are doing fine. Most streets are free of vehicles, and there are generous green spaces and good public-transport links, including fast buses and bicycle paths. When people must drive, they can turn to car-sharing clubs. "All the citizens had the chance to plan their own city," says Andreas Delleke, an energy expert, "and it"s just how we wanted it to be." | Denmark During the period of gas shortage in the early 70s, Denmark decided to become self-sufficient (自足). So they began a few projects making smart investments along the way. On the island of Samsoe, local families, fishermen and farmers bought wind turbines (涡轮机) to produce their own energy, Within seven years these turbines were completely paid for. And can you believe just one of wind turbines produces enough electricity for 600 households? |
| C | D |
| Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker and Matt Stone, creators of South Park, have built a sustainable (可持续的) castle with outer siding and inner flooring of recycled wood, recycled carpeting, high-efficiency boiler systems. "I think more and more today, people are willing to make a statement about the Earth and how they want to protect it," Michael Ruth, home designer and builder says. "For high-end homes in this valley, this is entirely consistent with what they cost." | P-NUT Who doesn"t love the name P-NUT-short for Personal-Neo Urban Transport? It"s Honda"s latest attempt to create a tiny footprint for a new urban vehicle. This little P-NUT is unique. With a central driving position, the car is designed to move in tight settings. The 11-foot micro car will seat three with two rear-seat passengers behind the driver. "The P-NUT concept explores the packaging and design potential for a vehicle designed for the city lifestyle." Said Dave Marek, a Honda design spokesman. |
| E | F |
| Israel Company Is it possible that annoying rush hour traffic could become a source of renewable energy? Israel"s Technion Institute of Technology claims that if we placed special generator (发电 机) under roads, railways, and runways-we could harvest enough energy to mass-produce electricity. A trial process has been used on a smaller scale, in dance clubs for instance, where the pounding feet of dancers light up the floor. "We can produce electricity anywhere there is a busy road using energy that normally goes to waste," said Uri Amit, chairman of Israel"s Technion Institute of Technology. | Coffee Coffee. Some of us can"t start our day without it, and we don"t mind waiting 10 minutes in line for it. Here is the most effective tip to make you a superstar in environment protection. Get a coffee machine for your home or coffee, or persuade your company into buying one. (Tell them it will improve productivity.) Skip the coffee line on the way to work and make something that is better-tasting and much better for your wallet. Plus, you won"t need those plastic cups or carrying cases that just get thrown away. Better yet, use your favorite travel mug. |
| 阅读理解。 | |
| Think about the different ways that people use the wind. You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat. Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power source (来源), as well as one of the oldest. Evidence shows that windmills (风车) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC. They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power. For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground. When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This allowed them to have electric lights and radio. However, by the1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. | |
| 1. From the text we know that windmills _____. | |
| A. were invented by European armies B. have a history of more than 2800 years C. used to supply power to radio in remote areas D. have rarely been used since electricity was discovered | |
| 2. What was a new use for wind power in the late l9th century? | |
| A. Sailing a boat. B. Producing electricity. C. Grinding wheat into flour. D. Pumping water from underground. | |
| 3. One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970 is that _____. | |
| A. wind power is cleaner B. it is one of the oldest power sources C. it was cheaper to create energy from wind D. the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs | |
| 4. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? | |
| A. The advantage of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. | |
| 任务型读写。阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格 只填一个单词。 | |
| If we agree that the function of education is to prepare us for life, then there is very little time to waste. So, while we can, we ought to concentrate on teaching children something really useful. Here is what our school should teach. Politeness is a mark of civilization. The sooner children learn this, the better. In any case, a lot can be accomplished by a smile and good manners. Like it or not, our adult lives will be consumed by the struggle for money, but we don"t make an effort to teach children how to manage it. So our schools have a duty to teach them this ability from the beginning. We"re likely no accepted something we are told, but that"s not what educated people do. Educated people are reasonable and they look at facts. If our schools teach nothing else, they should at least teach critical (批 判性的) thinking. Children should learn to take care of their health. They should know that if they eat junk food (垃圾食品), they will become fat and unhealthy. They should be very clear about what happens to their bodies when they drink or smoke. All of us are part of society. We have rights and responsibilities. We ought to understand what they are. We have to know a little bit of history and geography, because we need to have an environment in which to relate to the people around us. How will we test students on these? We can"t. But that"s not a reason to avoid teaching what is important. Our schools should spend every moment they have telling this to our children:"This is life, this is what you are going to face, and this is how you deal with it." | |