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By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
  Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
  But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
小题1:Where was ice used after the Civil War?
A.In refrigerating freight cars and households.
B.In hotels, taverns and hospitals
C.In families of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
D.In fresh meat, fish and butter by city dealers.
小题2:What was essential to to make an icebox efficient according to the passage?
A.Keeping the ice from melting
B.Knowledge of the physics of heat.
C.Balance of insulation and circulation
D.Making efforts to reduce the use of ice
小题3:The second paragraph is mainly about_____
A.the deveopment of icebox
B.the theoretical foundation of icebox
C.the wrong ideas about icebox
D.the way of using icebox
小题4: What can we infer from the text?
A.Thomas Moore is the inventor of modern fridge
B.The butter produced by Thomas Moored is better in quality than other famers’
C.Knowledge of the physics of heat plays an important part in inventing a good icebox
D.Before 1880, most of the sold ice was used for family use.
小题5: Without an ice box, farmers had to go to the market at night ________.
A.to sell their produce at high price
B.to go home earlier
C.to keep their produce fresh
D.to win more customers than their competitors

答案

小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:C
小题5:C
解析
文章介绍了冰箱的发展历史。
小题1:细节题。根据第一段4,5行After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.
小题2:细节题。根据第二段最后一句. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
小题3:段落大意题。本段讲述的是冰箱的理论基础。
小题4:细节题。根据第二段第二行the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration。可知C正确。
小题5:推理题。根据文章最后两行One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.可以推断如果没有冰箱农民就得在晚上就去市场以保证农产品新鲜。
核心考点
试题【By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American langua】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Our surroundings are being polluted faster than nature and man’s present efforts cannot prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities, and the growing use of man-made materials.
What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man—by his desire for a modern way of life. We make “increasing industrialization” our chief aim. So we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our children. There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem.
Isn’t it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going—and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker, “I’ve some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we’re making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we’re lost and don’t know where we’re going.” The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when spoken of our modern society.
小题1:Man cannot prevent the world from being polluted mainly because______.
A.the population of the world is decreasing fast
B.people use too many man-made materials
C.we have more and more industry
D.we are producing more cars, trucks and buses
小题2:According to the passage, what does man value most?
A.Industry.B.Health.
C.Clean air.D.The future of the children.
小题3:The story about the airline pilot tells us that ______.
A.man knows where the society is going
B.people do not welcome the rapid development of modern society
C.man can do little about the problem of pollution
D.the writer is worried about the future of our society
小题4:People crowd into the cities because ______.
A.they want very much to find well-paid jobs
B.they are anxious to enjoy the achievements of our society
C.they have become tired of their homeland
D.they have a strong wish to become industrial workers

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How to Beat On-line Credit-card Thieves
The Internet has led to a huge increase in credit-card fraud. Your card information could even be for sale in an illegal web site.
Web sites offering cheap services should be regarded with care. On-line shoppers who enter their credit-card information may never receive the goods they thought they bought.
The thieves then go shopping with your card number--- or sell the information over internet.
Computers hackers(黑客) have broken down security(安全) systems raising questions about the safety of cardholder information. Several months ago, 25,000 customers of CD Universe, and on-line music retailer(批发商), were not lucky. Their name, addresses and credit-card numbers were posted on a web site after the retailer refused to pay US $157,828 to get back the information.
Credit-card firms are now fighting against on-line fraud. Master-card is working on plans for Web-only credit card, with a lower credit limit. The card could be used only for shopping on-line. However, there are a few simple steps you can take to keep from being cheated.
Ask about your credit-firm’s on-line rules. Under British law, cardholders are responsible for the first US $78 of any fraudulent spending.
And shop only at secure sites: Send your credit-card information only if the web site offers advanced secure system. If the security is in place, a letter will appear in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen. The web site address may also start the extra “s” stands for secure.
If you still have any doubt, give your credit-card information over the telephone.
Keep your password safe: Most on-line sites require a user name and password before placing an order. Treat your password with care.
小题1:What do most people worry about the Internet according to this passage?
A.fraud on the InternetB.computer hackers
C.illegal web siteD.shopping on line
小题2:How many pieces of advice does the passage give to you?
A.1B.2C.3D.4
小题3:You are shopping on the web and you want to buy a TV set, what does this article suggest doing?
A.You can go to the website and buy it without doubt.
B.Send your credit card information as soon as the web asks you to do so.
C.Give your credit card information over telephone if you have doubt.
D.Don’t pay money until your TV set is sent to you.
小题4:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Computer hackers sold the retailer’s information to a web site to get money.
B.A reliable website offers you an advanced secure system.
C.You can depend on the password to protect your information.
D.The on-line credit-card thieves stole your credit-card and paid with it.

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Have you ever heard of blogs (博客)? If you haven’t, you should have. It’s here, it’s growing and it’s having an influence on our life. Surf the Internet and you’ll find blogs everywhere. A blog, shortened from “weblog”, is a public Internet journal written by one person or a group of people. It is a website in which a person or a group can place news, personal thoughts, text, photos, video or audio files, or links upon which visitors can comment. A blog lets you post on the Internet without having to know web design or be technical. You are given an environment to make dated entries on the topic of your choice which are “published”, so other people can read them.
Authoring a blog, maintaining a blog or adding an article to an existing blog is called “blogging”. Blogging has revolutionized Internet publishing in the last several years because it gives everyone with Internet access the opportunity to become an online writer. Objects, such as “text and photos” in a blog can be called “blog posts”, “posts”, or “entries”. The person who posts these entries is called a “blogger”.
Now, somewhere around the world, a blog is created almost every 6 seconds. Because it’s great potential, Bill Gates views it as important as e-mail, BBS, and MSN. He’s trying to make blogs the important tools for future business communications.
小题1:A blog is           .
A.a commentB.an Internet journal
C.a designD.a link
小题2:A person can do the following things in a blog EXCEPT _______.
A.talk to othersB.give commentsC.read articlesD.enjoy photos
小题3:Who is a blogger?
A.A person who posts letters.
B.A person who writes articles.
C.A person who posts text or photos in a blog.
D.A person who is an online publisher.
小题4:According to the passage, the reason why blogs are so popular is that they ____.
A.give everyone the chance to be an online writer
B.can be created by people without much knowledge of computer technology
C.enable a blogger to place news, personal thoughts, text and photos and give comments
D.all of the above

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American researchers have developed a technique that may become an important tool in fighting AIDS virus from attacking its target-cells in the body"s defense system.When AIDS virus enters the blood,it searches for blood cells called T4 lymphocytes(淋巴细胞).The virus connects to the outside of T4 lymphocytes.Then it forces its way inside.There it directs the cells" genetic material to produce copies of the AIDS virus.This is how AIDS spreads.
Researchers think they may be able to stop AIDS from connecting to T4 ceils.When AIDS virus finds a T4 cell,it actually connects to a part of the cell called CD4 protein.
Researchers want to fool the virus by putting copies or clones of the CD4 protein into the blood.This way the AIDS virus will connect to cloned protein instead of the real ones.Scientists use genetic engineering methods to make the clones.Normally a CD4 protein remains on the T4 cell at all times;the AIDS virus must go to it.
In a new technique,however,the cloned CD4 protein is not connected to a cell.It floats freely,so a lot more can be put into the blood to keep the AIDS virus away from real CD4 protein on T4 cells.One report says the.AIDS virus connects to cloned protein just as effectively as it connects to real protein.That report was based on tests with blood cells grown in labs.The technique is just now beginning to be tested in animals.If successful,it may be tested in humans within a year.
小题1:The new technique can     .
A.cure AIDS
B.kill the AIDS virus
C.prevent the AIDS virus from spreading
D.produce new anti-AIDS cells
小题2:When the AIDS virus enters the blood,it is reproduced by     .
A.itself
B.the blood cells
C.the CD4 protein
D.the genetic material of T4 lymphocytes
小题3:The AIDS virus connects to cloned protein instead of the real CD4 protein because    .
A.cloned protein stays On the T4 cells
B.it connects to cloned protein more effectively
C.cloned protein is made by genetic engineering methods
D.cloned protein floats freely,and many more can be put into the blood
小题4:Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.The new technique has been tested in labs.
B.The new technique is being tested in animals.
C.The new technique may be tested in humans.
D.The new technique is now under clinic test.
小题5:The best title for this passage is     
A.AIDS-a deadly disease
B.A new technique in fighting AIDS
C.The spread of AIDS virus
D.The cloned CD4 protein

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"We do look very different; we"re older. Leo"s 38, I"m 37. We were 21 and 22 when we made that film. You know, he"s fatter now -- I"m thinner.". So says Kate Winslet, who is thrilled at the 3-D re-release of Titanic to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the ship"s demise. “ It happens every time I get on any boat of any kind." She recalls. There are all the people who want her to walk to the front of the ship and re-create her famous pose, arms flung wide. Most people remember the tragedy: The British passenger ship -- said to be unsinkable -- hit an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912, during its maiden voyage from England to New York City. More than 1,500 people died. But little known is what the world learned from the sinking to prevent future incidents.
Probably the greatest deficiency (不足)of the Titanic was that she was built 40 years before the widespread use of the wonderful invention radar(雷达). Her only defense against icebergs and hidden obstacles was to rely on manned lookouts. On that fateful night the eyesight of trained lookouts only provided 37 seconds of warning before the collision.
Traveling at nearly 30 miles an hour the Titanic was moving far too fast to avoid the huge iceberg. The warning did prevent a head-on collision as the officer on the bridge managed to turn the ship slightly.
The last ship to send a warning was the California. She was within ten miles of the Titanic during the disaster, but her radio operator went to bed at midnight and never received any of the SOS messages from the Titanic. That was one of the important lessons learned from the catastrophe, the need for 24-hour radio operators on all passenger liners.
Another lesson learned was the need for more lifeboats. The Titanic remained afloat(漂浮) for almost three hours and most of the passengers could have been saved with enough lifeboats.
1,500 passengers and workers died in the 28 degree waters of the Atlantic. Out of the tragedy, the sinking did produce some important maritime reforms. The winter travel routes were changed to the south and the Coast Guard began to keep an eye on the location of all icebergs. The new rules for lifeboats were obvious to all. There must be enough lifeboats for everybody on board.
The most important lesson learned was that no one would ever again consider a ship unsinkable- no matter how large or how well constructed. Never again would sailors place their faith in a ship above the power of the sea.
小题1:The text mainly tells us ______.
A.the reason why the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean
B.how the unsinkable ship of Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean
C.the lessons that we could learn from the accident of theTitanic
D.the things we should do to protect the lives on the ship
小题2:According to the passage, which of the following could we infer?
A.If the captain had been more careful, he could have had the chance to save the Titanic.
B.If radar had existed 40 years ago, the Titanic would have never disappeared from the world.
C.If the lookout had had much more experience, he could have had the time to save the Titanic.
D.If there had been enough lifeboats on the Titanic, the Titanic would not have sunk in the Atlantic.
小题3:What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Lessons from the TitanicB.Technology is Important
C.Demands of PassengersD.Power of Sea
小题4:What’s the sailors’ attitude towards the ships after the tragedy?
A.They think there really exists the unsinkable ship.
B.They think ships could eventually defeat the sea.
C.They think there is no power that could control the sea.
D.They think the bigger the ship is, the safer it is.

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