题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
These experiments were conducted by psychological scientists, Nadia Chernyak and Tamar Kushnir of Cornell University. They found that sharing things with others when they are given a difficult choice leads children to think of themselves as people who like to share. It also makes them more likely to act in a pro-social (亲社会的)manner in the future.
Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who don"t like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they don"t view themselves as "sharers", they are less likely to share in the future.
Chernyak and Kushnir were interested in finding out whether freely chosen sacrifice might have the opposite effect on kids" willingness to share. To test this, the researchers introduced five-year-old children to Doggie, a sad puppet. Some of the children were given a difficult choice: Share a precious sticker(贴纸) with Doggie, or keep it for themselves. Other children were given an easy choice between sharing and putting the sticker away, while children in a third group were required by the researcher to share.
Later on, all the children were introduced to Ellie, another sad puppet. They were given the option of how many stickers to share (up to three). The kids who earlier made the difficult choice to help Doggie shared more stickers with Ellie. The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie. Therefore, children did not benefit from simply giving something up, but rather from willingly choosing to give something up of value.
“You might imagine that making difficult, costly choices is demanding for young children or even that once children share, they don’t feel the need to do so again,” Chernyak says. “But this wasn"t the case: once children made a difficult decision to give up something for someone else, they were more generous, not less, later on.” Chernyak concludes.
小题1:_______ helps children to share more in the future.
A.Rewarding children for sharing |
B.Forcing children to share |
C.Allowing children to share precious things willingly |
D.Allowing children to share what they don’t need |
A.have an opposite effect | B.serve as a push |
C.cause anger | D.avoid taking things back |
A.they regret what they did | B.it’s not their own choice |
C.Ellie is not as sad as Doggie | D.they like to share with a real person |
A.parents will never find a way to get children to share toys |
B.a gift should be given to make up for children’s sacrifice |
C.children pretend to be generous when they are being observed |
D.making difficult choices may influence sharing behavior |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:D
解析
试题分析:文章介绍了儿童分享事物的心理科学。有研究表明孩子做出艰难选择会对他们的分享行为有影响,他们可能会变的慷概。
小题1:推理题:根据文章第一段中“New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. ”新研究表明,让孩子选择牺牲自己的玩具与别人分享可让他们在未来分享更多东西。由此可知培养孩子分享意愿对孩子将来分享更多东西是有帮助的。故选C。
小题2:推理题:backfire是“产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果”的意思。A.have an opposite effect有反作用;B.serve as a push作为一种推动;C.cause anger导致某人轻微愤怒;D. Avoid taking things back避免拿回东西。只有A想符合划线词义。故选A。
小题3:细节题:根据第五段中“The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie ”最初孩子们面临着一个简单的选择或着被要求把他们的贴纸给小狗,要么与艾莉分享更少的贴纸。由此可知这是被要求的。故选B。
小题4:主旨题:根据文章内容可知文章表明孩子做出艰难选择会对他们的分享行为有影响,他们可能会变的慷概。故选D。
核心考点
试题【Getting kids to share their toys is a never-ending battle, and forcing them to d】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Now colleges are seeing a change in the student lifestyle from outdoor enthusiasts to indoor couch potatoes and Internet addicts. The Internet and various on-campus services, from food delivery to laundry, are leading to a student culture of staying in dormitories. A student can have every need met without leaving the dormitory.
In the past two years Zhang Yi, 20, a junior majoring in law at Yangzhou University, has never been outside for sports except during physical education class. “I don’t think there is anything wrong with sleeping late in the morning and wanting to stay in the dormitory in my spare time. I have more fun doing things on my computer than playing on the sports ground in wet clothes.” said Zhang.
“With social networking sites, online games and micro-blogging added to already tight schedules, sports are often the last thing to be considered.” said Cheng Jie, 21, a senior majoring in civil engineering at the Southeast University in Nanjing.
But Jin Yinghua, a professor at Beijing Sports University, said that sports are not only for keeping fit, but also an irreplaceable(不能替代的) “education” for students. Sports are not only a way for students to train their body, but also an important way to learn responsibility, teamwork and devotion.
小题1:The first paragraph mainly tells us ________.
A.the fingerprint punch-in clocks are widely used |
B.some college students have poor memories |
C.students cannot skip morning running any more |
D.the problem of students skipping sports is serious |
A.love sports more than anything else |
B.prefer Internet games to sports |
C.enjoy sleeping late in the morning |
D.are too busy with study to do any sports |
A.sports play an important role in students’ over-round development |
B.the most important goal for students to do sports is to keep healthy |
C.universities should take tough measures in student management |
D.the spirit of responsibility can be developed in more than one way |
A.Morning running at colleges | B.A new college life |
C.Sports losing attraction | D.P.E. class at colleges |
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry,it actually uses up attention and memory resources. I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher,Gerardo Ramirez,have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam,highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “What we think happens is when students put it down on paper,they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as bad as they might think it was before and,in essence(本质上),it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+,compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious,who’d done our writing intervention(排解),all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
小题1:Which of the following is TRUE?
A.The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test. |
B.In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better. |
C.In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse. |
D.Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests. |
A.Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test. |
B.Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree. |
C.Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried. |
D.Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried |
A.proper amount of burden may turn out to be a good thing |
B.facing the fears bravely may help one to achieve more |
C.avoiding facing the problem may contribute to relaxation |
D.taking no action before difficulty may result in success |
A.It is important for students to overcome test anxiety. |
B.Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears. |
C.It is a common practice for students being worried before a test. |
D.Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance. |
Your brain isn’t a muscle, but you can treat it like one
Many people focus on physical fitness, but few know that brain fitness is also something you can work on. In fact, you can exercise your brain as often as you do to your arms or legs —and the results can be positive and empowering.
To improve your brain, you can’t simply repeat the same exercises over and over. Just as lifting a two—pound weight will stop challenging you, so will repetitive exercises such as crosswords or Sudoku. Once you master easy exercises, you must move on to harder ones in order to push your brain —like your muscles —to a new level.
The science behind brain training
Scientists once believed that your mental abilities were fixed in adulthood. Since studies have shown just the opposite, millions of people around the world have adopted the new practice of brain training. The most popular of these brain training products is made by the San Francisco—based Lumosity. Lumosity"s scientists with an experienced team of game designers have developed a fun,effective online brain training program that measures,tracks,and adapts to your progress,so you"ll always be challenged.
Promising studies on the effects of brain training
In a 2013 Stanford study,a treatment group of 21 breast cancer survivors used 12 weeks of Lumosity training to work on processing speed,mental flexibility,and working memory tasks. On average,those who trained improved on tests of these abilities,compared to a group that did not train with Lumosity.
There is even some evidence suggesting that Lumosity may be beneficial to normal,healthy adults. In a 2011 study by Lumosity and San Francisco State University researchers. 13 people who trained over 5 weeks improved working memory scores by 10%and attention scores by 20%.
Brain training is designed to meet real-life needs
The design of brain training is targeted at real-life benefits instead of improving game scores. Better attention,for example,can mean greater focus in the classroom or at an important business meeting. With improved processing speed,you might react and adapt faster to the demands of a busy life. And a better memory could mean stronger,longer relationships with the people closest to you.
小题1:We can learn from the passage that _________.
A.brain training speeds up the recovery of breast cancer |
B.your brain is like a muscle because it gives you power |
C.people"s mental abilities can"t develop after they grow up |
D.Lumosity can measure,track and suit your level as you improve |
A.Better attention. | B.A better memory. |
C.Better writing skills. | D.Higher processing speed. |
A.People should care more about physical health instead of mental health. |
B.Brain training has been proved effective through scientific researches. |
C.A bad memory is the only reason for weak relationships with people. |
D.Playing online games is the best way of brain training. |
A.Brain Training Makes a Difference | B.Train Your Brain like a Muscle |
C.Lumosity,Your Best Choice | D.How to Train Your Brain |
I trained hard every day. Since I wanted to be the best I could be, I knew I would have to set some clear goals for myself. A couple of my goals were: run a 135-mile ultra-marathon(超级马拉松) across Death Valley, win the Badwater Ultra-Marathon, and run a marathon to the South Pole.
I had no idea how I was going to achieve these goals, but they certainly encouraged me to work hard. Today, I am really grateful to say that I have achieved all of them. Shortly after completing these goals, I set another goal: to run fifty marathons, in fifty states, in fifty days. Nobody had done anything like this before. To be honest, I was not quite sure if I could. But there was only one way to find out…so I just started training and preparing to give it my best try.
I completed that goal one year ago, and it felt great! But for me, life is not all about achieving goals. Sure, it feels good to succeed, but the greatest reward for me was learning more about myself and what I was able to do.
Only by stepping out into the unknown and stretching(使倾注全力) ourselves can we really discover what our true potential(潜能) is。
小题1:Which played an important role in the author’s success?
A.Setting goals | B.Learning from others. |
C.Being honest | D.Keeping on reading . |
A.very grateful | B.not quite confident |
C.quite afraid | D.not very satisfied |
A.Win the Badwater Ultra-Marathon. |
B.Run a marathon to the South Pole. |
C.Run fifty marathons, in fifty states, in fifty days. |
D.Run a 135-mile ultra-marathon across Death Valley. |
A.life means achieving goals |
B.success is the greatest reward |
C.sports help develop our potential |
D.everyone may have great potential. |
Our nature includes not just humans but plants and animals as well. Everything in our environment is connected in a complex cycle. If you have a better understanding of how animals would behave and work with us, then you would value nature better.
Some animals are actually misunderstood by people like sharks and snakes. These creatures are thought of as human killers, and this is mainly because we don’t understand why they behave that way. In zoology you would be able to learn natural behavior as well as their homes so you would completely understand why they would behave in a defensive(防御的) manner when they seem to be threatened. Studying zoology would help people achieve clearness over the common myths we have on different wild animals.
Studying zoology would help people know the real facts about animals. One of the negative facts is the decreasing numbers of some species of animals. It makes people realize that there is a need for nature to be always balanced. We need animals to keep the balance in our environment and for humans to survive as well. It would help us learn the needs that animals lack and we can respond by thinking of solutions we can give to the endangered species of animals.
Modern progress is needed for a country to grow in terms of its economy; however, it should not force us to destroy our rainforests and oceans. People should realize that our modern lives should include the lives of the animals that live with us. They should not be contained in zoos but in their natural homes as well. We will learn that every living creature on the earth has the right to own a home and we need to fight for them to have permanent(永久的) homes.
小题1:According to the text, nature should be .
A.left alone | B.treated seriously |
C.taken for granted | D.taken lightly |
A.making our world beautiful | B.protecting species of plants |
C.providing food for humans | D.keeping nature in balance |
A.caretakers | B.killers | C.competitors | D.trainers |
A.The Ways of Protecting Animals |
B.The Importance of Studying Zoology |
C.The Introduction to Zoology |
D.The Advantages of Learning Zoology |
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