题目
题型：山东省月考题难度：来源：
Eurovision Song Contests and world skating championships—has found that contestants are more likely
to win if they are among the last to appear before the judges.
The study by an American university appears to provide scientific proof that the best man, or woman,
does not always win.
It found that, on average, the last competitor to appear in the Eurovision Song Contest was more than
twice as likely to win as the one who went on first.
The first rounds of figure-skating championships, for which the running order is selected at random,
showed more dramatic results. The final skater had a 14 percent chance of victory, making him or her
more than four times as likely to win as the first skater.
The study showed a gradual worsening of chances for competitors who appeared earlier in the
running order. A contestant who appears first in a contest is two percent less likely to win than one who
appears second. A contestant who appears second is two percent less likely to win than one who
appears third, and so on.
The findings are published in the March issue of Acta Psychologica, a scientific journal.
Robert Hardman, a senior lecturer in psychology at London Metropolitan University who specializes
in the science of decision-making, said that the results were interesting. He suggested that the effect was
caused by the limitations of the human memory.
"When people make comparisons, they aren"t really able to make a lot of fine-grade discrimination.
When contestants appear at the beginning of a contest, judges have little to compare them to and are
perhaps wary (谨慎的) of the scores they give," he said.
"Later on, when judges are able to compare the contestants to those that have gone before, they
might give more extreme marks because they feel more confident about their judgments."
B. explanation for the findings
C. suggestion to solve the problem
D. comments on the findings
chance of winning.
B. three
C. four
D. five
B. is mistakenly put in the running order
C. meets with unfair judges
D. appears too early before the judges
B. increase in degree
C. reduction in possibility
D. rising in quantity
B. They believe the first is seldom the best.
C. They don"t really know what is good.
D. They show favor towards the contestants they like.
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 The best way to come first is to go last. An analysis of almost 50 yea】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
developing eating disorders (紊乱).
New research shows girls who regularly have family meals are much less likely to adopt extreme
weight-control behaviors such as vomiting, and using diet pills.
The research, published in the international journal Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent
Medicine, surveyed students aged 13 to 17 in 2003 and followed them up five years later. Regular
family meals were found to have a protective effect regardless of the age, weight, socioeconomic status,
dieting habit or relationship with the family.
Belinda Dalton, director of the eating disorder clinic The Oak House, said eating with family helped
"normalize" young people"s relationship with food.
"When teens are feeling that they are not managing, they turn to something that they can control and
food is something available and accessible for them to control. Clearly, if they are sitting with their family
on a regular basis, then their family can be more in control of their eating," Ms Dalton said.
"It"s about young people feeling connected within their family, and that builds self-esteem and a sense
of worth and works very actively against someone developing an eating disorder.
An eating disorder expert, Kirsty Greenwood, said meal times were often difficult for sufferers. "It"s
typical that they feel very ashamed of their eating habits and often won"t eat with other people. Perhaps
it"s because they haven"t experienced the important of the family meal while growing up," she said.
The study found eating regular family meals made no difference to the future eating habits of boys.
B. showing the results of a research
C. providing some suggestions on family dinner
D. presenting the difference in eating habits between boys and girls
B. They can help girls to have a better relationship with food
C. They can help girls to work against the development of an eating disorder.
D. They provide girls with the chance of getting control of food.
B. Having a good relationship with the family
C. Feeling connected with the family
D. Self-esteem and a sense of worth
B. Kirsty Greenwood suggests that the time for meals be fixed
C. the effect of regular family meals on boys differs from that on girls
D. experience is more important than indirect knowledge
growing for accessible refueling points to recharge them. Carbon Day Automotive,a Chicagobased
company,has now demonstrated a solarpowered recharging point,known as the Solar PlugIn Station,
which lets motorists easily charge their cars using electricity that has been produced without any
environmental damage.
The Solar PlugIn Station has gone on show in Chicago as part of the city"s bid to host the 2016
Olympic Games. According to Carbon Day Automotive,the Solar PlugIn Station on show in Chicago
is part of the vital infrastructure (基础设施) required for electric vehicles in Chicago and was the focus
of a recent visit by the International Olympic Committee.
These solarpowered electricity points will be used daily to fuel the city"s electric vehicles with power
from the sun. By producing the electricity from pollutionfree solar cell,the CO2 emissions are reduced to
zero.
"Solar energy and electric vehicles are a partnership that is one more step to reducing our dependence
on foreign oil," says Richard Lowenthal,CEO of Coulomb Technologies. Coulomb Technologies recently
developed the components (部件) required for individual recharging stations,marketed as ChargePoint
Networked Charging Stations. Carbon Day Automotive is the Midwest distributor for the ChargePoint
stations.
The Solar PlugIn Station consists of giant solar panels (电池板) that shade the tiny ChargePoint
Networked Charging Station. The solar panel is connected to an underground battery pack,ready for
everyday refueling.
"Without these stations it would be like driving around in a traditional car without the availability of
gas stations," says Scott Emalfarb,CEO at Carbon Day."The day of true plugin electric vehicles will be
here sooner than most people realize and the world needs to be ready to accommodate them."
B. it makes up for the lack of electricity
C. it"s a new idea and attracts people"s attention
D. it brings convenience to electric vehicle users
B. more space for electric vehicles will be needed
C. the citizens of Chicago will be able to go to work faster
D. the cost of electric vehicles will be lower than traditional cars
B. Chicago Calls on People to Buy Electric Vehicles
C. Chicago Fights for Its Bid to Host the 2016 Olympics
D. Chicago Shows Its Solarpowered Recharging Stations
depression, a research has shown.
Leeds University researchers, writing in the Psychopathology journal, said a small part of Internet
users were classed as Internet addicts and that people in this group were more likely to be depressed
than non-addicted users.
The article on the relationship between excessive Internet use and depression is from a
questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults.
The respondents answered questions about how much time they spent on the Internet and what they
used it for; they also complete the Beck Depression Inventory---a series of questions designed to
measure the seriousness of depression.
The six-page report,by the university"s Institute of Psychological Science, said 18 of the people who
complete the questionnaire were Internet addict."Our research indicates that excessive Internet use is
associated with depression, but what we don"t know is which comes first-are depressed people drawn
to the Internet or does the Internet cause depression?" the article"s lead author Dr Catriona Morrison
said."What is clear is that, for a small part of people, excessive use of the Internet could be warning signal
for depressive tendencies."
The age range of all respondents was between 16 and 51 years, with an average age of 21.24. The
average age of the 18 Internet addicts was 18.3 years. By comparing the levels of depression within this
group to that within a group of 18 non-addicted Internet users, researchers found the Internet addicts
had a higher chance of developing depression than non-addicts. They also discovered that addicts spent
more time visiting sexually pleasing website, online gaming sites and online communities.
"The public speculation (推测) was further proved by this study. That"s to say, over-engaging in
websites which serve to replace normal social function might be linked to psychological disorders like
depression and addiction," Morrison said."We now need to consider the wider social influence of this
relationship and clearly prove the effects of excessive Internet use on mental health."
B. feel depressed when using the Internet
C. seldom connect to the Internet
D. feel depressed without the Internet
B. Depression results from excessive use of Internet
C. Excessive use of internet usually accompanies depression
D. Excessive use of internet is usually earlier to depression
B. are intended to replace normal social function
C. are associated with psychological disorders
D. shouldn"t take the blame for psychological disorders
B. helps clarify their study
C. finds a theoretical basis
D. has little scientific value
Brain-computer interface (界面) (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands
to machines.
Recently, two researchers, Jose Milan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic school in
Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示)a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person"s thoughts.
In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.
He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.
"Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles
to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles," Tavella says. "Our system allows disabled people to communicate
with external world and also to control devices."
The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the
scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the
motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help
the computer react to commands from the brain.
Prof. Milan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets
brain signals and turns them into simple commands. "The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers
to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One
example is this wheelchair."
He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a
technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over
long periods of time.
A. help to update computer systems
B. link the human brain with computers
C. help the disabled to recover
D. control a person"s thoughts
B. By talking to the machine.
C. By moving his hand.
D. By using his mind.
B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
B. prove the technology useful to them
C. make them live longer
D. learn about their physical condition
B. New Findings About How the Human Brain Works
C. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled
D. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries
researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather
than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup (基因构成) as human beings. What drove our
ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The
wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring
space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas
can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we
have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical
possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may
have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited
from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather
forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space.
While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may
hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds
dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human beings to survive. Without the ability to reach
out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow
us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have
adapted in the past and surely could in the future.
B. To compare different ideas.
C. To introduce points for discussion.
D. To describe the conditions on Earth.
B. Humans have the tendency to fight.
C. Humans may find new sources of food.
D. Humans don"t like to stay in the same place.
A. survival chances
B. unexpected benefits
C. potential resources
D. physical possessions
B. Resources on the earth..
C. Our genetic makeup.
D. By-products in space exploration.
B. Space exploration provided the best value for money.
C. Space exploration can benefit science and technology.
D. Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.
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