题目
题型：江苏期末题难度：来源：
A new review based on a research shows that stress affects the way the brain considers
the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible
negativeconsequences(results) of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices.
"Stress affects how people learn," says Professor Mara Mather. "People learn better
about positive than negative outcomes under stress."
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images with
either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first
stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience;
in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases,
the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately(精确) and
the punished material less accurately than those who hadn"t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies
or smoking a cigarette while under stress -at those moments, only the pleasure associated
with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring
about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative
consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men
and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences
under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the
experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which
risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more,
however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might
also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more
often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
B. recall consequences more effortlessly
C. make risky decisions more frequently
D. learn a subject more effectively
B. preference for pleasure
C. tolerance(容忍) of punishments
D. responses to suggestions
B. men have a greater tendency to slow down
C. women focus more on outcomes
D. men are more likely to take risks
答案
核心考点
举一反三
diseased kidney from a woman.What"s so unusual about that?David Nichol was in his
office in Australia while the woman lay on an operating table in New Zealand.
What connected them was a technology called remote surgery(手术).
Remote surgery itself is not new.In 2001,a group of doctors in New York,US,removed
a gall bladder (胆囊)from a patient lying in France.It was the first successful case of remote
surgery used on a human across international borders.
Now,Nichol"s operation is to be the first one performed on the kidneys.Nichol used
joysticks (操纵杆)to direct robotic arms in the New Zealand operating room during
the two-hour operation.The joysticks and the robotic arms are linked by a computer
network.Nichol could watch the robot"s work while doctors in New Zealand checked
the patient and changed the instruments as needed."Before this technology,I would have
been in the operating theatre (手术室)when they were performing the operation," Nichol
said.During remote surgery,the doctor is the one in control.The robots carry out the
operation using a complex method.
Doctors have found that a robot is better than a human surgeon at carrying out this
difficult operation—even when it is controlled thousands of miles away.Unlike humans,
robotic "arms" do not shake when they target a small piece of tissue (组织)or organ.In
remote surgery such as the removal of kidney stones,the robotic arm inserts a long special
needle into the patient"s body and X-rays guide it to the kidney.
Once the robotic arm has reached the hard kidney stone,the needle gets wider so that
a tiny telescope can travel down it and look at the organ.Then instruments are used to
break up the stone and get rid of the remaining waste.
For doctors,the technology means less stress in the operation room.And for patients,it
means far less chance of suffering blood loss or damage to a nearby organ.
However,the remote surgery is not widely used because it"s still very expensive.A remote
operation on a gall bladder costs more than US $1 million.A normal operation costs US
$2000.It will be some time yet before the price falls and the operation is available to people
throughout the world.
B.it as a robot that was carrying out the operation
C.the patient and the doctor in control were in different countries
D.it was the first successful operation of remote surgery performed on kidneys
B.cure
C.meet with
D.get close to
A.The joysticks.
B.The robot.
C.The network.
D.The doctor. .
B.It is more convenient for doctors to perform the operations.
C.The patients will have less chance of suffering blood loss or damage to a nearby organ.
D.The robot is better than a human surgeon
A study suggests certain vegetables such as broccoli(西兰花)and spinach(菠菜)might help older
women keep their minds sharp.
Researchers have discovered that women in their 60s who eat more green leafy vegetables how less
signs of mental decline over time, reported Wednesday"s CRI online.
They gave participants a bundle of tests measuring memory, oral ability and attention. The study
didn"t include men, but researchers say a similar diet would likely have the same results.
Eating fish can cut risk of heart rhythm disorder
US scientists have found that eating fish can reduce the risk of deadly heartbeat disorders. They say
baked fish can effectively reduce the risk of atria fibrillation(心房颤动)among older men and women,
reported Tuesday"s CRI online.
Researchers say in their 12 years of research among 4,800 people over the age of 65, they found
those who ate fish one to four times per week had an about 30 percent lower risk compared with those
who ate fish less than once a month. They say the omega-3 fatty acid can reduce the risk of a range of
heart disorders and is vital to brain development and function.
Red wine may extend life
US scientist have found that a mixture that makes red wine a healthy drink may also hold the secret
to a longer life. They say antioxidant(抗氧化剂) in wine acted on fruited flies and worms in the same
way as a method known to extend the life of many animals, which is by sharply limiting how much they
eat.
Limiting calories has been shown to make animals such as dogs and monkeys live longer, but they
are often tired and lose productivity. The researchers will begin testing the mixture in mice.
vague longing for "the way things were".
One－room schools are an endangered species, however.For
more than a hundred years one－room schools have been systematically shut down and their students
sent away to centralized schools.As recently as 1930 there were 149,000 one－room schools in the
United States.By 1970, there were 1,800.Today, of the nearly 800 remaining one－room schools,
more than 350 are in Nebraska.The rest are scattered through a few other states that have on their
road maps wide－spaces between towns.
Now that there are hardly any left, educators are beginning to think that maybe there is something
yet to be learned from one－room schools, something that served the pioneers that might serve as well
as today.
Progressive educators have come up with progressive－sounding names like "peer－group teaching"
and "multi－age grouping" for educational procedures that occur naturally in the one－room schools.In
one－room
schools, the ch
ildren teach each other because the teacher is busy part of the time teaching someone else.A fourth grader can work at a fifth－grade level in math and a third－grade level in English without the shame associated with being left back or the pressures of being skipped ahead.A youngster
with a learning disability can find his or her own level without being separated from the other pupils.In
larger urban schools today, this is called "mainstreaming". A few hours in a small school that has only one
classroom and it becomes clear why so many parents feel it one of the advantages of living in Nebraska
that their children have to go to a one－room school.
B. are the best in Nebraska
C. are still common in America
D. provide good education
B. they skip too many children ahead
C. there is a trend toward centralization
D. there is no fourth－grade level in them
B. Teachers are always busy.
C. Pupils have more subjects to study.
D. Leaning is at different grade levels at a time.
B. He dislikes them.
C. He shows sympathy.
D. He rejects them.
B. once studied in one－room schools
C. prefer rural life to urban one
D. came from other states of America
you are wrong.Haven"t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a
language?
According to a new study by a British university,learning a second language can lead to an
increase in your brain power.Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey
matter.This is the area of the brain which processes information.It is similar to the way that
exercise builds muscles.
The study also found the effect is greater the younger people learn a second language.A
team led by Dr Andrea Mechelli,from University College London,took a group of Britons
who only spoke English.They were compared with a group of "early bilinguals" who had learnt
a second language before the age of five,as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density(密度)in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in
people without a second language.But the longer a person waited before mastering a new
language,the smaller the difference.
"Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning
a second language," said the scientists.It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales has researched the link between
bilingualism and math skill."Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes
the brain more flexible," he said."You are actually going beyond language and have a better
understanding of different ideas."
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a
second language between the ages of 2 and 34.Reading,writing,and comprehension were all tested.
The results showed that the younger they started to learn,the better."Studying a language means you
get an entrance to another world," explained the scientists.
B.man"s ability of learning a second language
C.language can help brain power
D.language learning and math study
B.prove that one needs more practice when he/she is learning a language
C.to show the importance of using the language when you learn the language
D.make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well
B.a second language learner
C.a person who can speak two languages
D.an active language learner
B.there is no difference between a later second language learner and one who doesn"t know a second
language
C.the experience of learning a second language has bad effect on people"s brain
D.the ability of learning a second language is changing all the time
B.early learning of a second language helps you a great deal in study other subjects
C.Italian is the best choice for you as a second language
D.you"d better choose the ages between 2 and 34 to learn a second language
predict. American researchers have put together a 700-year record of the rainy seasons, which is
expected to provide guidance for experts making weather predictions.
Every year, moist （潮湿的）air masses, known as monsoon，produce large amounts of rainfall in
India, East Asia, Northern Australia and East Africa. All this wet air is pulled in by a high pressure area
over the Indian Ocean and a low pressure area to the south.
According to Edward Cook, a weather expert at Columbia University in New York, the complex
nature of the climate systems across Asia makes monsoons hard to predict. In addition, climate records
for the area are too recent and not detailed enough to be of much use. Therefore, he and a team of
researchers spent more than fifteen years traveling across Asia, looking for trees old enough to provide
long-term records. They measured the rings, or circles, inside thousands of ancient trees in more than 300 places.
Rainfall has a direct link to the growth and width of rings on some kinds of trees. The researchers
developed a document they are calling a Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas. It shows the effect of monsoons
over seven centuries, beginning in the 1300s.
Professor Cook says the tree-ring records show periods of wet and dry weather. "If the monsoon
basically fails or is a very weak one, the trees affected by monsoons at that location might put on a very
narrow ring. But if the monsoon is very strong, the trees affected by that monsoon might put on a wide
ring for that year. So, the wide and narrow ring widths of the chronology tha
t we developed in Asia provide us with a measure of monsoon variability." With all this information, researchers say they can
begin to improve computer climate models for predicting the behavior of monsoons.
"There has been widespread famine and starvation and human dying in the past in large droughts. And
on the other hand, if the monsoon is particularly heavy, it can cause extensive flooding." said Eugene
Wahl, a scientist with America"s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "So, to get a sense
of what the r
egional moisture patterns have been, dryness and wetness over such a long period of time in great detail, I would call it a kind of victory for climate science."
B. The necessity of weather forecast.
C. The achievements of Edward cook.
D. A breakthrough in monsoon prediction.
B. they are formed under complex climate systems.
C. they influence many nations.
D. there is heavy rainfall in Asia.
B. The Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas has a monsoon record for about 1,300 years.
C. The trees affected by monsoon grow fast if the monsoon is weak.
D. The rainfall might be low although the monsoon is strong in monsoon-affected areas.
B. It should include information about human life in the past.
C. It has analysed moisture models world wide,
D. It will help people prevent droughts and floods.
B. Pessimistic
C. Humorous
D. Friendly.
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