“Most experiences of absent-mindedness ,forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room , are caused by a simple lack of attention, ” says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded（编码） it deeply.”
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impression on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create troublesome situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your cupboard. “ Your memory itself isn’t failing you, ” says Schacter, “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.” http://wx.jtyjy.com/
Lack of interest can also lead to absent -mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago, ” says Zelinski, “ may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.”Women have slightly better m emories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory depends on just that.
“Visual cues（ 视觉提示 ）can help prevent absent--mindedness, ”says Schacter, “But be sure the cue is clear and available. ”If you want to remember to take a medicine with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine box and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Another common experience of absent - mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time, ”says Zelinski. “The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember.”
小题1:The writer of the passage thinks that encoding properly is very important because ________.| A．it enables us to recall something from our memory | | B．it slows down the process of losing our memory | | C．it helps us understand our memory system better | | D．it helps us to get back to where we were |
小题2:One possible reason why women have a little better memories than men is that________.| A．they rely more on the environment | | B．they have a wider range of interests | | C．they have an unusual power of focusing their attention | | D．they are more interested in what’s happening around them |
小题3:Why can a note in the pocket hardly serve as a reminder? ________.| A．It will easily get lost | | B．It is out of your sight | | C．It’s not clear enough for you to read | | D．It might get mixed up with other things |
小题4:From the last paragraph we can learn that________.| A．repetition might help improve our memory | | B．memory depends to a certain extent on the environment | | C．we’d better return to where we were if we forget things | | D．we should think about something else while doing one thing |
小题5:The passage is mainly about ________.| A．the memory system of persons | | B．a way of encoding and recalling | | C．the causes of absent-mindedness | | D．the impression of the environment on memory |
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小题1:A
小题1:D
小题1:B
小题1:C
小题1:C |
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核心考点
试题【“Most experiences of absent-mindedness ,forgetting where you left something or w】；主要考察你对
题材分类等知识点的理解。
[详细]举一反三
We are living in a wonderful age, which has become wonderful largely through the scientific discoveries and inventions. There are always new discoveries and new knowledge ahead in every field. For example, much is yet to be discovered in electricity. Weather forecasting is an important area today. Science is doing much in the control of diseases.
Science is a never-ending road for us to go along. Every field gives changes to the person who wants to make science his life work.
Science is also a method of thinking, which can teach us how t o solve problems and help us to arrive at the truth. The men and women who will be the scientists of tomorrow are in our colleges, factories and farms today. We are all potential scientists.
小题1: The main idea of this passage is _____.| A．all scientists begin to study when they are very young | | B．science teaches us how to work better | | C．science is a never-ending road for people to go along | | D．weather forecasting is important |
小题2:Discoveries and inventions are the results of the study and use of _____.| A．electricity | B．science | C．weather | D．the truth |
小题3:There are always discoveries _____ for people to make.| A．in electricity | B．in weather forecasting | | C．in every field | D．in thinking |
小题4: Science teaches us how to work by ______ method.| A．important | B．scientific | C．old | D．new |
小题5:The underlined word "potential" means _____.| A．worth | B．probable | C．learned | D．lazy |
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If you ask Americans whether or not they think their former president George W. Bush is smart, most of them will probably tell you they don’t think so. However, Bush’s IQ score is estimated to be above 120, which puts him in the top ten percent of the population.
It doesn’t seem to make sense. How come someone with such an IQ score is not considered smart? Researchers say: IQ does not tell the whole story. Some people have high IQ scores, but still they can be poor thinkers and decision-makers.
Keith Stanovich, a Canadian professor of human development and applied psychology, has been looking into the “clever fools” phenomenon for 15 years. He says IQ tests are very good at measuring certain mental faculties(能力), including logic, learning ability, working-memory capacity (how much information you can hold in mind), etc. Those faculties play a part in one’s academic success, but rational thinking is more important for us to make good judgments in real-life situations.
IQ tests fail to work when it comes to rational thinking. That’s because they are unable to assess things such as a person’s ability to weigh up information, or whether an individual can set aside the cognitive biases(认知偏差)that may be misleading.
“A high IQ is like height in a basketball player,” says David Perkins, who studies thinking and reasoning skills at Harvard University. “It is very important, all other things being equal. But all other things aren’t equal. It takes a lot more to be a good basketball player than being tall, and it takes a lot more to be a good thinker than having a high IQ.”
小题1:According to the text your academic success depends on your __________.| A．logic | B．mental faculties | C．learning ability | D．working-memory capacity |
小题2:If you need to decide where to invest your money, you must use your ______________| A．IQ scores | B．IQ test | C．rational thinking | D．cognitive biases |
小题3:We know from the text that ____________| A．the former president George W. Bush has a high IQ score | | B．many Americans think their former president George W. Bush is smart | | C．David Perkins believe that a person’s IQ doesn’t need to be developed | | D．Keith Stanovich looked into the “clever fools” phenomenon 5 years ago |
小题4:What is the text mainly about?| A．Those who have high IQ do better than those who don’t in everything. | | B．People with high IQ scores must be good decision-makers | | C．People with high IQ scores are always smart in every way. | | D．Why a high IQ doesn’t mean you’re smart |
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Science has told us too much about the moon that it is fairly easy to imagine what it would be like to get there. It is certainly not a friendly place. Since there is no air or water, there can be no life of any kind. There is not much variety of scenery either. For mile after mile there are only flat plains of dust with mountains around them. Above, the sun and stars shine in the black sky. If you step out of the mountain shadow, it means moving from the severe cold into intense (强烈的) heat. These extreme temperatures continually break rocks away from the surface of the mountains. The moon is also a very silent world, for sound waves can only travel through air. But beyond the broken horizon, you see a friendly sight. Our earth is shining more brightly than the stars. From this distance, it looks like an immense (巨大的) blue, green and brown ball.
小题1:The moon is an unfriendly place because .| A．there is no air, no water, no life, no scenery | B．the sun and stars shine in the sky | | C．temperature breaks rock away | D．all of the above |
小题2:Without , the moon is a silent world.小题3:According to the passage we know that .| A．the earth looks like a colored ball | | B．we can enjoy the scenery on the moon | | C．every inch of the moon is very hot | | D．the extreme temperature breaks rocks away from the surface of mountains |
小题4:We can conclude（断定） that “continually” means .| A．sometimes | B．always | C．without break | D．frequently |
小题5:The best title for the passage is .| A．An Unfriendly and Friendly Place | B．The Geography of the Moon | | C．Moon, a Silent World | D．The Moon |
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Hi guys! I’m Lucy the ladybird and while I’m very much of a lady, I’m not actually a bird but a glowing red bettle(甲虫)with decorative black spots.
I’m a friendly little bug, to be honest, and simply like to be close with my pals as long as they handle me very gently. I don’t bite humans but I do sink my teeth into aphids (蚜虫) which, unlike me, are very harmful to all the plants. I milk the aphids just like people do with cows and I milk them dry of all the sap (汁) they have got from your poor plants. I’m a real gardeners’ friend and love helping out around the place by pollinating (授粉) flowers, tidying up plants’ fallen leaves and helping to turn them into nice rich fertilizer to feed everything both above and below the soil, and naturally, being so attractive to look at, we are perfect living garden decorations.
One thing I can not tolerate  is all that poisonous pollution from vehicles, garbage burning and other environmentally unfriendly acts that occur in the cities every single minute of the day and night. Pollution of any kind really chokes me to death, so these days, I only live in clean countryside areas, particularly cool ones where it rains and everything grows fresh and green from spring right through to autumn. In winter, when the weather is too cold for me to bear, then I find a nice place to sleep until the snow has gone and I can come back out to play.
Oh! I almost forgot to tell you that although I am not a bird I do have wings and can fly for short distances. So if you pick me up and let me run up and down your hands and arms, then please don’t frighten me by screaming if I suddenly decide to take off!
小题1:What makes Lucy the Ladybird suffer most?| A．Heavy rains. | B．Cold weather. | | C．Air pollution. | D．Aphids. |
小题2: Which aspects about the ladybird are talked about in the passage?
a. its appearance b. its influence on plantsw8G
c. its habitat d. its food
e. the origin of its name| A．a; c | B．a; b; c | C．a; b; d; e | D．a; b; c; d |
小题3:What do we know about the ladybird?| A．It belongs to the insect family. | | B．It does harm to all growing plants. | | C．It lives on the liquid of plants. | | D．It can fly a long distance. |
小题4: This passage is probably _______.| A．a self –introduction by a lady named Lucy | | B．description of a ladybird’life | | C．letter of praise for a gardener | D．a speech made by a woman on ladybirds |
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Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new ___36____. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labour through your work, you __37___ say that you’re “hot”. That’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is ___38____. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered __39___ this is so , but it leads to such familiar monologues （自言自语）__40___ “Get up , John ! You’ll be late for work again!” The ___41___ explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature—and —energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ___42___ when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your ___43___, but you can make your life ___44___ it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late ___45___. Counteract （打乱）your cycle to some extent by ___46___ staying up later than you want to . If your energy is ___47___ in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, ___48___ before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam(打起精神) and work better ___49___.
Get off to a slow start ___50___ saves your energy. Get up with a yawn （呵欠）and ___51___ . Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before ___52____ on the floor. Avoid the ___53___ search for clean clothes by laying them out ___54___. Whenever possible , do routine （常规的）work in the afternoon and save tasks ___55____ more energy for your sharper hours .
| 小题1: | | A．impression | B．explanation | C．exploration | D．translation |
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| 小题3: | | A．at its bottom | B．at its beginning | C．at its end | D．at its peak |
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| 小题4: | | A．why | B．that | C．whether | D．whatever |
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| 小题5: | | A．as | B．such as | C．which | D．like |
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| 小题6: | | A．steady | B．occasional | C．surprised | D．possible |
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| 小题7: | | A．starts | B．comes back | C．ends | D．turns around |
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| 小题8: | | A．life attitude | B．energy cycle | C．time table | D．alarm o’clock |
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| 小题9: | | A．to do | B．change | C．fit | D．to renew |
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| 小题10: | | A．anywhere | B．no way | C．anyway | D．somewhere |
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| 小题11: | | A．sensitively | B．especially | C．carefully | D．habitually |
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| 小题13: | | A．go up | B．rise | C．lift | D．raise |
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| 小题14: | | A．in your high spirit | B．at the right time | | C．at your low point | D．in the same way |
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| 小题15: | | A．which | B．whichever | C．what | D．whatever |
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| 小题16: | | A．express | B．attend | C．open | D．stretch |
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| 小题17: | | A．putting your feet | B．setting your foot | | C．laying down your foot | D．lying your feet |
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| 小题18: | | A．tired | B．troublesome | C．immediate | D．dangerous |
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| 小题19: | | A．yesterday | B．last night | C．the night ago | D．the night before |
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| 小题20: | | A．suggesting | B．demanding | C．requiring | D．persuading |
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