题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
But the new research, published in the journal Frontiers In Evolutionary Psychology, points out that serotonin is like a chemical Swiss Army knife, performing a very wide range of jobs in the brain and body. And when we start changing serotonin levels purposely, it may cause a wide range of unwanted effects. These can include digestive problems and even early deaths in older people, according to the study"s lead researcher Paul Andrews. “ We need to be much more cautious about use of these drugs,” says Andrews, an assistant professor of evolutionary psychology at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.
Previous research has suggested that the drugs provide little benefit for most people with mild depression, and actively help only a few of the most severely depressed. Famous psychologist Irving Kirsch has found that for many patients, SSRIs are no more effective than a placebo pill. A research in 2010 on Danish children found a small, but significant, increase in the risk of heart problems among babies whose mothers had used SSRIs in early pregnancy. The key to understanding these side-effects is serotonin, says Andrews. Serotonin is also the reason why patients can often end up feeling still more depressed after they have finished a course of SSRI drugs. He argues that SSRI antidepressants disturb the brain, leaving the patient an even greater depression than before.
“After long use, when a patient stops taking SSRIs, the brain will lower its levels of serotonin production,” he says, adding that it also changes the way receptors in the brain respond to serotonin, making the brain less sensitive to the chemical. These changes are believed to be temporary, but studies indicate that the effects may continue for up to two years.
Most disturbingly of all, Andrews" review features three recent studies which, he says , show that elderly antidepressant users are more likely to die earlier than non-users, even after taking other important variables into account. One study, published in the British Medical Journal last year, found patients given SSRIs were more than 4 per cent more likely to die in the next year than those not on the drugs.
“Serotonin is an ancient chemical,” says Andrews. “It is regulating many different processes, and when you disturb these things, you can expect that it is going to cause some harm.”
Stafford Lightman, professor of medicine at the University of Bristol, and a leading UK expert in brain chemicals and hormones, says Andrews’ review highlights some important problems, yet it should also be taken with a pinch of salt. “This report is doing the opposite of what drug companies do,” he says. “Drug companies selectively present all the positives in their research, while this search selectively presents all the negatives that can be found. Nevertheless, Andrews" study is useful in that it is always worth pointing out that there is a downside to any medicine. ” Professor Lightman adds that there is still a great deal we don"t know about SSRIs-not least what they actually do in our brains.
When it comes to understanding why the drugs work only for a limited part of patients, U.S. scientists think they might now have the answer. They think that in many depressed patients, it’s not only the lack of feel-good serotonin causing their depression, but also a failure in the area of the brain that produces new cells throughout our lives. This area, the hippocampus, is also responsible for regulating mood and memory. Research suggests that in patients whose hippocampus has lost the ability to produce new cells, SSRIs do not bring any benefit.
小题1:According to paragraph 2, serotonin, like a chemical Swiss Army knife, can .
A.make many patients" depression worse |
B.cause a wide range of unwanted effects |
C.affect human body and brain in various ways |
D.provide little benefit for most depressed people |
A.drug companies don"t know the negative effect of antidepressants |
B.Andrews focused on different things from the drug companies |
C.scientists have found what SSRIs do in the brain |
D.Andrews" research has no medical value |
A.They are used to increase the “feel-good” medical in the brain. |
B.They can work even when the hippocampus can"t produce new cells. |
C.They create a risk of heart problems in pregnant women. |
D.They are responsible for controlling mood and memory. |
A.The aim of drug companies |
B.The function of SSRIs |
C.The side-effects of antidepressants |
D.The cause of depression |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:C
解析
试题分析:抗忧郁的药物如Prozac在二十世纪初期被认为是灵丹妙药,能让人的抑郁心情变好。但是在近五年间,不断增加的科学证据表明这些药物只对一小部分人有效, 而且使许多病人的抑郁症更严重。这类抗抑郁的药物在很多方面都有不容忽视的副作用。如记忆力减退、药物依赖性、早亡等等。
小题1:细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话的意思(一项新的研究指出血清素就像一个化学的瑞士军刀一样,对人的大脑和身体都有影响。)判断选C。
小题2:细节理解题。根据第七段的意思(Stafford Lightman说:Andrew的观点指出了一些重要的问题。但是还不够。这个报告和药物公司做的相反,药物公司只说好处,而Andrew说出了药物的副作用。)判断Andrew和药物公司的关注点不同。故选B。
小题3:推理判断题。SSRIs的副作用有:对严重绝望的一些人有效,病情轻微的人几乎没什么好处。而且有依赖性。停药后病情会加重。丹麦的孩子中,其母亲***早期用过此药的心脏病的发病率增加了。还会导致年老的人早亡。使人们不能再生产新的细胞,而这一区域还负责调节情绪和记忆。根据第一段最后一句的意思(这些药物旨在增加大脑中“感觉良好”的物质的量。)判断,选A。
小题4:主题归纳题。根据第一段的大意(近五年的科学证据表明:抗抑郁的药只对一小部分人有效, 而且使许多病人的抑郁症更严重。)判断,文章主要讲了对治疗忧郁症的药的副作用的新发现。故选C。
核心考点
试题【Antidepressant(抗忧郁)drugs such as Prozac were viewed in the early 1900"s as wonde】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
In the future, schools will teach at least one thing we do not teach today: the art of self-discovery. There is nothing more___1__in education. We turn out students from our universities who know how to give answers, but not how to___2__questions.
Our students do not really get into the centres of wisdom in our culture. They__3___ universities with skills for the workplace, but with no knowledge of how to live, or what___4__is for. They are not taught how to see. They are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the great___5__of obedience(遵守、服从).
They are not taught the true art of___6__. True reading is not just passing our__7___overwords on a page, or__8___information, or even understanding what is being read. True reading is a__9___act. It means seeing first, and then using the__10___. Higher reading ought to be a new subject. As we read, we should try to get something new. I meet people in all__11___of life, and most known in the fields of literature and science, who, though professionals, do not___12__read what is in front of them. They only read what is__13___known to them. I suspect this is happening now, even as you read this__14___.
All our innovations(革新), our discoveries, our__15___come from one source: being able first to see what is there, and what is not; to hear what is said, and what is not; but also to think clearly.
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Various non-traditional education options are now available and continue to flourish(繁荣). One of the most important uses in education is the use of technology. Teachers are encouraged to use new technological devices in order to strengthen learning among students and meet the needs of various types of learners.
The right to education has been created and recognized by jurisdiction(司法). Education is the most important concern of the government of India. Recently India has gained world recognition because many students from foreign countries come here to gain higher qualifications.
One has to be educated in order to speed up the growth process in order to influence the economy. Education is indeed a powerful weapon to stop the cut- throat competition that man faces at every period of life. The importance of education in India is progressing with time. Although India has been a great foundation of learning for many years, it still needs to improve not just on the quality of education but also on the number of people being educated.
Education is not just for academic success but also to make a person become a better human being and a better performer in life. Education makes the students able enough, so that they can compete nationally and internationally. To make a student a successful survivor in life, the responsibility lies equally with the schools and the parents too. Selecting a good school is as important as choosing a suitable career option for a child. The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth, it is education that gives us all the power and necessities of making a difference in any field.
People who are not educated have few opportunities to do what they want to do. Educated people become more responsible and informed citizens, and have a voice in politics and society. It allows people to be more productive by encouraging them to play responsible roles in terms of contributing to society.
小题1:Nowadays teachers are encouraged to ______.
A.study modern science and technology |
B.pass all knowledge to their students |
C.use non-traditional devices in class |
D.meet the needs of intelligent student first |
A.Indian education is among the best in the world now |
B.Indian is becoming more and more powerful now |
C.the right to education should be valued all over the world |
D.a lot of students in India are from other countries |
A.spread | B.ignorance | C.argument | D.question |
A.It has nothing to do with society |
B.It helps people to achieve what they want |
C.It has little effect on people’s physical ability |
D.It makes a poor man become rich |
A.The importance of education | B.The responsibility of education |
C.The development of education | D.The purpose of education |
We already know that Mars resembles the earth in many aspects: general size, presence of water, length of day, range of temperatures. These resemblances have caused many people to consider a centuries-long project: to terraform Mars. Terraforming means altering a planet’s surface so that Earth’s life forms can survive there. This concept, previously found only in science fiction is now being seriously considered by scientists.
Terraforming Mars is theoretically simple: add nitrogen and oxygen to the atmosphere; pump water to the surface; and add the earth’s plants and animals in the order in which they developed on Earth. But it will take at least 300 years.
Some people think that such a project is too huge for humans to undertake, but there are very good reasons to make the attempt. The earth now contains some 6 billion people, and no one has any idea of how many humans the earth can support. Our very existence and numbers are threatening many other species. We also have had some experience with terraforming our own planet: altering the landscape, the atmosphere and the climate. Currently terraforming earth has become a wiser activity as we try to control global warming, air and water pollution, and preserve some natural living places.
While the possibility of such a project is small, it is not impossible .Even if earth –bound societies come and go in the next 300 years, the project can continue through the work of the Mars settlers without the need for constant backing from the earth.
The future existence of all the people in our world may very well depend upon our ability to terraform Mars.
小题1:What would be the best title for this passage?
A.Terraforming Mars. | B.Saving the Earth |
C.Travelling to Mars. | D.A Newly-found Place |
A.Warming. | B.Changing. | C.Planting. | D.Building |
A.do some scientific research work |
B.find out its similarity to earth |
C.avoid the dying away of many other species |
D.find on Mars living place for the increasing human beings |
A.there are some resemblances between Earth and Mars. |
B.terraforming Mars is theoretically simple |
C.we have had some experience with terraforming our own planet: Earth |
D.the development of science and technology is very rapid |
A.Optimistic. | B.Negative |
C.Sceptical(怀疑的) | D.Objective. |
The exhibition was held between April 23 and May 2.Although renowned companies showed off their top models,it wasn’t just their expensive sports cars that grabbed people’s attention.
Concept cars are a way for designers to test out their ideas on the public with complete freedom.They can try out cars with special features that could not be massively(批量)produced easily.
Designers don’t have to follow industry rules;they don’t even need to worry about whether their cars would be followed on the roads.
At the Beijing Auto Show,the@Ant by Chery was one concept car to draw a lot of attention.China Daily called it‘‘the very definition of a concept car”.
The vehicle is powered by electricity and is capable of driving itself.But the magic doesn’t end there.
The@Ant was inspired by actual ants.According to Car News China,with the help of automated telemetric systems,@Ants are able to“see” other@Ants and compare destination information. If two are heading the same way for a while, the vehicles connect, with one car’s rear (后面的)wheels matching up with the front wheels of another car.Up to 10@Ants can be put together and will automatically connect to form a“train".This will help save energy while traveling, as well reducing traffic jams.
The car sounds like a great idea.Further research will be needed to turn this concept car into something for the market,but concepts like Cherry’s show how carmakers are working for cleaner and greener vehicles.It’s like what the@Ant motto says,“Exploring future human beings’lifestyles”.
小题1:The concept car is getting popular because .
A.it looks like an ant |
B.it is beautifully designed |
C.it is exhibited as a top model |
D.it conveys a new idea for the future |
A.By connecting each other and running together |
B.By driving themselves without man’s control |
C.By comparing their destination information |
D.By reducing traffic jams on the roads |
A.to test the safety of the concept car |
B.to follow the rules in the car industry |
C.to show their unique idea of complete freedom |
D.to see if concept cars can be massively produced |
A.Concept Cars Are Driving to the Future |
B.The@Ant Draws a Lot of Attention |
C.The@Ant Is a Top Model of Concept Cars |
D.Concept Cars Are Cleaner and Greener |
The Gaze Group has been developing eye-controlled computer technology for nearly 20 years.But those devices have been firstly designed to help those with disabilities,and are very expensive.
“After a while,we figured out that probably the best way is to go for a mass-market way,” says Gaze’s Sune Alstrup Johansen.“where everybody would have this available."
Johansen and some of his colleagues have formed a new company,the Eye Tribe,which is hoping to develop the technology on a mass commercial level.
The technology works with the help of the computing device toward the user’s face. After making sure of the user’s eye movements,the technology is then able to easily find where a person’s eyes are moving,and then allow the eyes to control a cursor(光标).
“Our software can then determine the location of the eyes and know where you’re looking on the screen to make sure what you’re looking at,“reads an explanation on the Eye Tribe site.
There has been a gradual change toward hands-free technology in recent years, particularly in the gaming world.Recently Xbox released the Kinect device,which lets users control their Xbox and play certain games using only their hands,legs and voices. But still,most of these devices have been more of a gimmick than a practical way to use one’s hands to control a mobile device.Johansen said a replaceable filter(滤光器)would be a cheap,convenient way for most consumers.
And even as companies like The Eye Tribe work to create such a product for the average user, making the eye-controlled technology more accessible and less expensive will have similar benefits for physically disabled users.
For more articles on modern science,please CLICK here.
小题1:Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
A.An introduction of a new device. |
B.An introduction of smart-phones. |
C.An introduction of eye-controlling technology. |
D.An introduction of a new technology for the disabled. |
A.a trick | B.a way | C.a lie | D.a dream |
A.the eye-controlling technology was first developed for the blind |
B.the present developing 0f the technology will bring no good |
C.there is no such a phone as we can use only with our eyes at present |
D.the eye-controlling technology is only intended for the disabled people |
A.an experiment report | B.a science fiction |
C.a school textbook | D.a science website |
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