learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.
Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a "memory trace(记忆痕)." What makes up this trace
is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories.
For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.
Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means
to find out how a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person
memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers
of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another
method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on
the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize
things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called
relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list
the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is
thought of as a measure of how much a person has remembered.
One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring
lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested
in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For
example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In
humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer
is correct is rewarding.
B. it is hard to tell what a memory trace consists of
C. chemical substances carry certain memories
D. memory is stored in the brain as a substance
B. recall
C. memorization
D. relearning
B. The type of list items.
C. The time difference of relearning.
D. The time difference of brain working.
B. praise it in words
C. reward it with food
D. weaken its motivation
treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own. Young males engage
in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M. Kahlenberg and Richard W. Wrangham, described this week in the
journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as
well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal"s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are
probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other
girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks. Doll play among humans could have its
origins in object-carrying by earlier apes (猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably
not due entirely to socialization.
"In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children"s toy play, and these are remarkably
similar across cultures," says Kahlenberg. "While socialization by elders and peers has been the
primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity
preferences."
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg
and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stickcarrying. Some young chimpanzees carried
sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick. "We
have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated
them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something
like playing with dolls," says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard. "If the doll hypothesis (假设)
was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees
should stop carrying sticks when they had their first child. We have now watched enough young
chimpanzees to prove both points."
B. She treats them as dolls.
C. She makes useful tools from them.
D. She treats them as weapons.
B. Socialization.
C. Environment.
D. Cultural difference.
B. sex difference is the only factor in human"s choice of playthings
C. the biology factor may also influence toy choice
D. people choose different toys in different cultures
B. different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C. only female chimpanzees have playthings
D. chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children
Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging, unless you learn how to deal with it. They warn
that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly
cancer.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time, some people express anger openly
in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, and scream and yell. But other people keep their
anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called ______________.
For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person"s health than
expressing it. They said that when a person is angry, the brain release the same hormones(荷尔蒙). They
speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etc. in general the person feels excited
and ready to act.
Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger violently may be likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep
their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure.
Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you
are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get
angry about. If it is, they say, "Do not express your anger while angry. Wait until your anger has cooled
down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably."
Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you
angry. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger.
______________________________________________________________
If you don"t express your anger, you may have more chances of having high blood pressure.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
moment! She quickly picked up the wet phone and tried to turn it on, but nothing worked. Her first
reaction? She got dressed, drove to the nearest store, and bought a new model at full price.
A new study finds that fear of losing your phone is a common illness. About 66 percent of those
surveyed suffer from nomophobia or "no mobile phone phobia". Interestingly, more women worry
about losing their phone than men.
Fortunately, there"s a solution.
The first step is to figure out if you have nomophobia. Checking your phone too often is one
thing,but the true sign of a problem is that you can"t conduct business or go about your routine when
the fear becomes so severe.
Do you go to unusual lengths to make sure you have your phone? That"s another sign of a
problem.If you find you check your phone plenty of times per hour, or a total of an hour per day,
there may be a problem.
Some of the treatments are similar to those for treating anxiety attacks: Leaving the phone behind
and not checking e-mail or text messages, and then learning to tolerate the after anxiety. Even if this
leads to a high level of worry and stress, the solution is to push through the fear and learn to deal
with not having your phone.
Of course, there are also technological alternatives. Luis Levy, a co-founder at Novy PR, says
he uses an application called Cerberus that can automatically track the location of his phone. To
find it, he can just go to a Web site and see the phone"s location.
He also insures his phone through a service called Asurion. The company"s description of its
product reads like a prescription for anxiety: "60 million phones are lost, stolen or damaged each
year. You"ll have complete peace of mind knowing that your phone is protected and you can
quickly reconnect with family, friends and work, as soon as the very next day!"
B. To inform us that mobile phones are useful.
C. To warn us that we should be careful.
D. To tell us we should get phones ready for a trip.
B. Fear of losing mobile phones.
C. Eagerness for new mobile phones.
D. Independence of mobile phones.
B. Learning more about modern technology.
C. Protecting one"s phone against any damage.
D. Not using a mobile phone in one"s daily work.
B. It will give you a new phone through insurance.
C. It enables you to reconnect with your acquaintance.
D. It gives you a prescription to treat nomophobia.
B. New mobile phone technology.
C. Disadvantages of mobile phone.
D. Solutions to nomophobia
we can see what has not yet happened. For example, while we are looking forward to 2 a new place or country, we 3 what it will be like. We predict the 4 people will eat, dress and act. Of course, we do
not always predict things 5 . things are often very different from the way we 6 them to be.
One of the 7 dreams in history is the dream of the German scientist, Kekule, who had been 8 to work out a very difficult problem in physics. He had 9 and analyzed (分析) the problem from every
angle (角度) for days, but there 10 to be no way of 11 out the answer. Then one night he went to
bed and dreamed. When he 12 up, he realized that he knew the answer. He had solved the problem in
his 13 .
The hypnotist (催眠者) sat in the chair opposite him and spoke 14 : I want you to concentrate on
my voice. Think about 15 .You know nothing but my voice. And as you pay attention to my voice, your
16 will get heavier. Soon you"ll be asleep.
You will hear my voice and 17 my words, but your body will be asleep, your eyes are too heavy.
You are 18 asleep, and when you wake up you will 19 nothing.
You will forget everything. Now I am going to 20 slowly from one to five. One, two, three, four, five.
( )2. A. visiting
( )3. A. imagine
( )4. A. custom
( )5. A. quickly
( )6. A. required
( )7. A. funny
( )8. A. managing
( )9. A. studied
( )10. A. used
( )11. A. making
( )12. A. gave
( )13. A. dream
( )14. A. softly
( )15. A. everything
( )16. A. eyes
( )17. A. believe
( )18. A. really
( )19. A. accept
( )20. A. count
B. seeking
B. know
B. habit
B. simply
B. wished
B. dull
B. trying
B. learned
B. ought
B. finding
B. sat
B. lesson
B. loudly
B. something
B. feet
B. repeat
B. extremely
B. remember
B. say
C. reaching
C. feel
C. style
C. correctly
C. left
C. famous
C. thinking
C. discussed
C. seemed
C. turning
C. woke
C. research
C. slowly
C. nothing
C. head
C. take
C. actually
C. hear
C. add
D. discovering
D. guess
D. way
D. neatly
D. expected
D. silly
D. hoping
D. researched
D. had
D. letting
D. got
D. exercise
D. firmly
D. anything
D. body
D. understand
D. almost
D. receive
D. speak
and hips(臀部) and waist (腰部) in a line. If you bend over, the muscles ( ~ I$1 ) in your lower back
can become hurt easily. If you keep your back and hips straight, the muscles are stronger, because they
have much more support. The other muscles can then help the lower back muscles.
As you squat down, try to get close to the object as possible. For example, if you are going to pick
up a heavy box, squat down directly in front of it.
Maybe you will have to spread your knees and legs. Put one knee on each side of the box. Remember at all times to keep your back straight.
Put your hands under the object that is in front of you, between your knees.
To lift the object, you should stand up slowly. Use your muscles in order to stand up. In other words,
lift with your legs, not with your back.
B. to bend yourself by bending your legs
C. to lower yourself by bending your legs
D. to stand straight
B. the muscles will have more support
C. you seem to be stranger
D. you will get more muscles
B. to bend your knees and squat down first
C. to keep your back in a line
D. to put your hands under the object
B. The muscles of your back.
C. Your hands.
D. Your leg muscles.
- 1— _____ did Prince William"s wedding (婚礼) last? — It lasted
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- 5已知点P在直线x-4y+10=0上,O为坐标原点,A(3,-1),则|OP|+|AP|的最小值为______.
- 6下面句子中划线的字注音有误的一项是( )(3分) A.偶一抬头,看见一颗结实累累(lěi)的柚子树。B.紫色的瀑
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- 9已知和是同类项,则的值是[ ]A、2 B、3 C、4 D、6
- 10The girl was flying a kite ________ her father came back.A.w
- 1C Can you imagine a catfish bigger than a boy? There are mor
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- 3下列各组词语中,有两个错别字的一组是[ ]A.荣膺 彪柄 随遇而安 差之毫厘,谬以千里B.僵绳 演绎 养虎遗患
- 4在我校政教处“学习先进人物,树立远大理想优秀论文评比”活动中,对收集到的60篇论文进行评比,将评比成绩分成五组画出如图所
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- 6改革开放以来,党和国家制定了_______,全国人民在_______的指引下,辛勤劳动,创造出了日益美好的幸福生活。
- 7代数式5(a+b)的意义是______.
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