题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
A. The description of using amateur records to encourage the public. B. The description of old records kept by amateur naturalists. C. Concerns over amateur data for lacking objectivity and precision. D. The necessity of encouraging amateur collection. E. How people react to their involvement in data collection. F. The application of amateur records to phonology. |
Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book’s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers’ lists and gardening diaries. "We’re uncovering about one major new record each month," he says, "I still get surprised." Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate. Successive Marshams continued recording these notes for 211 years.
小题2:_______________
Today, such records are being put to uses that their authors couldn’t possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving valuable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phonology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change.
小题3:_______________
But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. "A lot of scientists won’t touch them, they say they’re too full of problems," says Root. Because different observers can have different ideas of what forms, for example, an open snowdrop. "The biggest concern with ad hoc (临时的) observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,” says Mark Schwarts of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate. "We need to know pretty precisely what a person’s been observing—if they just say ‘I noted when the leaves came out’, it might not be that useful.” Measuring the onset of autumn can be particularly problematic because deciding when leaves change color is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.
小题4:_______________
Overall, most phrenologists arc positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. "They get the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world," says Sagarin. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageoingen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phonological data. Besides, the data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species," It’s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers, says Root.
小题5:_______________
Phonology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. “Because the public understand these records, they accept them,” says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially unpleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. "People are excited to think that the data they have been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific—it empowers them” says Root.
答案
小题2:F
小题3:C
小题4:D
小题5:E
解析
小题1:这一段通过Tim Sparks ,Robert Marsham的事例,例举了业余自然学家的一些记录,所以选B。
小题2:从这段的第一句话:such records are being put to uses that their authors couldn’t possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving valuable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phonology.说明这些记录被应用于语音学。故选F。
小题3:从第三段的:The biggest concern with ad hoc (临时的) observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,”看出科学家担心业余的收集的客观性和准确性,C项正确。
小题4:从第四段的开头:most phrenologists arc positive about the contribution that amateurs can make.还有中间句: It’s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers, says Root.说明有必要鼓励这些业余的自然学家。D是对的。
小题5:第五段的最后:getting people involved is great for public relations. "People are excited to think that the data they have been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific—it empowers them 说明人们对参与的反应。故选E。
核心考点
试题【Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F f】;主要考察你对数词等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
The automobile may not be closely associated with modem American culture, but it has occupied a central role in America’s economic and social history.
No one can deny the status of Henry Ford in car history. When the first Ford Model T rolled off the assembly line in 1908, businessman Henry Ford transformed the car from a luxury attachment for the rich to an automobile product for the middle classes. The rush of cars into the community forced all levels of government to build new and better roads. Better roads fed the demand for larger, faster, more stylish vehicles, and a host of companies rushed to meet that demand.
If there was a first Golden Age of automobile, it may well have been the 1950s. It was an age of prosperity. Large, regular paychecks encouraged the public display of wealth through costly items such as new cars. Americans, moreover, needed those cars as they moved away from the cities into the suburbs, where such things as stores, jobs, and schools were seldom within walking distance. Cars became essential if people were to get to work or to the grocery store.
As Ac 1950s slipped into 1960s, it became apparent that these fashionable wheels were gas-consuming road cruisers, dangerous in an accident, and often full of faults. Under pressure from a variety of groins, the federal government required that newer models provide greater fuel efficiency and cleaner emissions. Seatbelts became standard equipment as well Rising fad prices in the 1970s, coupled with concern for the environment, made the smaller cars produced by foreign companies for European and Asian markets very popular.
The 1980s and 1990s saw an upswing in the popularity of big cars. New models including minivans and sport utility vehicles have become main products in auto dealers’ showrooms. Traffic jams on the roads have become part of the American way of life. In 1911 a horse could travel through rush-hour traffic in Los Angeles at 11 miles per hour. In 2000 a car covering the same territory at the same time of day moved at about 4 miles per hour. But perhaps that is not important. When a car is equipped with a telephone and television set, a computer, and global positioning satellite connections, it can feel just like home.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)
小题1:___________________made Henry Ford well-known in car history.
小题2:That the car industry prospered in the 1950s in America resulted from ________.
小题3: Why were smaller cars once popular in the 1970s?
小题4: In today’s society, how can a car make people ignore traffic jams?
阅读下列应用文及相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。
首先请阅读下列汽车广告的信息:
A Renault Menage: This luxury car provides a comfortable driving experience and is packed full of extras (GPS, electric seats, automatic park brake etc). But its powerful engine means you had better be prepared for a big fuel bill each week. Price: $ 85,000 | |
B Hyundai i20: Ideal for short journeys but lacks the power and comfort needed to make long-distance driving enjoyable. Still, at this price you can’t complain and you’ll be smiling when you have to fill up the tank too. Price: $8,000 | |
C Fiat 500: Although expensive, it will soon pay for itself with the money you save on petrol. It has the most efficient and cleanest petrol-powered engine currently available. Its size, easy handling and luxury interior make it ideal for city driving. Price: $ 35, 999 | |
D Land Rover Discovery: With seating for 7, this car is suitable for all driving conditions. It has the control needed for inner city driving and the power required for rough roads and carrying heavy loads. But it’s among the least fuel efficient vehicles in its class. Price: $ 51, 999 | |
E GM Transit: It packs an impressive amount of room inside. It steers nicely, is fuel efficient and has a commanding driving position. But the lack of rear side windows and a noisy interior limit its appeal as a people mover. Price: $ 22,499 | |
F Ford Wagon: With room for 12 passengers, it combines the toughness and power needed for long-distance journeys with all the comforts that will keep passengers satisfied. Its optional luggage roof racks also mean nothing will ever have to be left behind. Price: $42,000 |
小题1:Robert is a farmer in the countryside and wants a vehicle that can deal with do rough country-road conditions and is powerful enough to tow a trailer carrying animals and farm products to the city market.
小题2: James is starting a new delivery job and needs a vehicle big enough to store the packages that he will pick up each morning and deliver throughout the day. It should be reliable, affordable and economical to run on his city route.
小题3:Vaneasa is a lawyer who lives and works in the city. She currently has a large car that uses a lot of fuel. She thinks it’s too polluting so wants a car that’s environmentally friendly but still comfortable to drive.
小题4:John is a university student looking for an inexpensive car that’s cheap to run. He needs it mainly for getting to and from the university campus and also to his nearby part-tiles job.
小题5:Jill owns a tour guide company and wants a new vehicle that can be used to take travellers to see different sight and attractions. A typical tour group is made up of about 10 people so it must be big enough to take all of them plus their luggage.
W: Bobby, turn that TV off and set the table. Dinner is almost ready.
M: OK. I’ll be right down…
W: 1 Your father’s plane was delayed, so he won’t be home until after 10:00.
M: Aw, man! Why does he always have to travel so much? 2
W: I know. Your sister and I feel the same way, but this is the way it has to be right now.
M: 3
W: That’s because I work from home. 4 Your father is gone a lot, but he also makes good money.
M: Why doesn’t he work from home?
W: 5 If he stayed at home, how would he ever sell anything?
A. Yes. Father works too hard. B. But you never travel for your job. C. Dear, we’ll have to wait for your father. D. I feel like I never get to see him anymore. E. I guess I’m lucky, but there are disadvantages, too. F. Honey, there are only going to be three of us tonight. G. Well, working in sales means you have to be on the road a lot. |
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断:如无错误,在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√);如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:
该行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线(﹨)划掉,在该行右边横线上写出该词,并也用斜线划掉。
该行缺一个词:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
该行错一个词:在错的词下划一横线,在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意:原行没有错的不要改。
Dear Sir,
How are you? As an exchange student, I am writing to 小题1:_______
tell you I would prefer to move into a single room in next 小题2:_______
term, as I found it inconvenient to share a room with others. 小题3:_______
My roommate often holds parties at night, made much noise. 小题4:_______
Besides, his friends are always visiting him, that disturbs me 小题5:_______
a lot. So I hope to draw your attentions to this problem. If 小题6:_______
you think in my position, I am sure he will agree that the 小题7:_______
only solution for me is get a room of my own, one not in the 小题8:_______
same building and as near to the school campus as possible. 小题9:_______
I would be thankfully if you could do me the favor. 小题10:_______
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
请阅读下列应用文及相关信息,按照要求匹配信息,并把答案填涂在答题卡的相应位置上。填涂选项中有一项为多余项。
首先阅读下列博客信息:
A.My name’s Marta and I’ m from Mexico City, but I moved to Los Angeles, California, five years ago, now I am living in an apartment at No.3178 SE Timmer Broadway.I am 28, single.I am a customer service representative for a large financial company.I am an outgoing person.I love to laugh and have fun! I enjoy cooking, dancing and listening to music.I don’t like watching or playing sports.You should be an outgoing, considerate lady with a good sense of humor, to share the apartment.Are you the one? Email and let’s have further talk.
B. My name’s Mark, and I’m from Hollywood, California.I’m a fitness instructor in Los Angeles.I am a friendly and easy-going person; I love playing sports-especially football and working out at the gym.I also play the guitar.My best friend David, who often has sports with me, went to Mexico last month.To avoid loneliness, I’d like very much to own a new friend who would share the fun of sports with me.I am longing.
C. My name’s Park Jun Seo, but you can call me Jun.I moved from Seoul Korea to Los Angeles two years ago.I am a graphic designer and I am looking for my younger brother, Lean Ban Seo, who might be in this city.As the story is too long, I just hope to find him and have my family reunited.He is lame at the right leg, 19 years old, 1.79 meters tall, with very big eyes and fair curly hair.With his picture of two years ago enclosed, I would be very appreciated if you have any information about that. Telephone me at 818-5789.
D. My name is Don and I am a programmer at a computer company.I have designed several pieces of software that can help students learn better, especially suitable for primary students who have some language disability to learn words and help them pronounce more correctly.If you think you need one, please fax to 857-4693. You can purchase by post.
E. My name is Mauricio, and I’m a computer programmer working in the Los Angeles area.I am kind of shy, but maybe you can help me to be more outgoing.I like cooking, playing computer games, and chatting with friends online.If you think you are the proper one to be my E-pal, let’s chat!
F. My name’s Judy and I’m from Quebec, Canada.I am a sales woman in one of the women underwear stores in Montreal.I’d like to have more visitors to my shop.And you can bargain for a reduction of 10% to 30%, if you purchase in package.Let’s be friends.
请阅读以下网站回复的信息,然后匹配回复的信息和网站原登出的博客信息。
小题1:I am a professional sportsman and work in the same city.I am so glad that I will have a good friend who can be the opponent to improve my techniques.E-mail me at bitterflower@yahoo.com
小题2:As a shop owner, I might drop in when I go downtown.But may I know your exact address? When is it convenient for a visit? Thank you!
小题3:God bless you! I’m a journalist and happened to read your brief story.A neighbor of mine looks exactly the same as the man in the picture you uploaded.This might be a chance in a million.Telephone me at 818-5690.
小题4:As a new comer and a freshman, I am looking for a room as close to my university as possible.I would like to have some friends, too.I think your place might be the right choice for me.But can I know how much the rent is?
小题5:I am a salesman from Paris.My first difficulty working in this city is language.I would appreciate it if you could help me learn English through the keyboard.
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